2024/25|Certified Public Health Exam-
CPH|2024-2025 latest version|
Comprehensive questions and verified
answers/accurate solutions|Already
graded A+Correct Questions And
Answers
Epidemiology Correct Answers study of the distribution (frequency, pattern) and
determinants (causes, risk factors) of health related states and events (not just
diseases) in specified populations.
Roles of epidemiology in public health: Correct Answers - monitor health of a pop
-respond to emerging public health problems
-promote research and use of evidence based interventions
-evaluate the effectiveness of interventions
-findings provide foundations for public health policy
-set funding priorities for research intervention programs
which components of epidemiology describes who gets the disease, where people with
the disease are located and how these aspects of disease change over time? Correct
Answers distribution
population Correct Answers a group of people with a common characteristic in terms of
person, place, and time
crude mortality Correct Answers number of deaths from all causes
age specific mortality Correct Answers number of deaths from all causes in a specific
age group
cause specific mortality Correct Answers number of deaths from a specific cause
infant mortality Correct Answers number of deaths of infants less than 1 year of age
prevalence rate Correct Answers number of existing cases of disease
incidence rate Correct Answers number of new cases of disease
,disability Correct Answers umbrella term for impairments, activity limitations, and
participation restrictions
disease frequency Correct Answers quantification of the disease in the population: how
often does the disease occur
disease distribution Correct Answers analysis of disease patterns: who, where, does it
change over time
epidemic Correct Answers an increase in the number of cases of disease in a
community, above what is expected
endemic Correct Answers a situation in a community in which there is a consistent
elevated rate of a certain disease
pandemic Correct Answers an epidemic that is widespread across a country, continent,
or a large populace, possibly world wide (ex. aids)
ratio Correct Answers division of one number by another, numbers dont have to be
related
proportion Correct Answers numerator is subset of denominator, often expressed as a
percentage
rate Correct Answers time is an intrinsic part of denominator, term is most misused
prevalence Correct Answers number of existing cases of disease/ number in total
population (at a point or during a period of time)
incidence Correct Answers number of new cases of disease that develop in the
population at risk during a specific time period
cumulative incidence Correct Answers -number of new cases of disease/number in
candidate population (people who are at risk of getting disease) over a specified period
of time
- estimates the probability or risk that a person will develop disease during a specified
time
- used mainly for fixed populations
incidence rate Correct Answers number of new cases of disease in the candidate
population/ person time of observation
relationship between incidence and prevalence Correct Answers -incidence decreases
but people are living longer with the disease= increased prevalence
- the incidence increases but the duration is short= decreased prevalence
- the incidence decreases and the duration is short= decreased prevalence
, relative risk Correct Answers [a/(a+b)]/[c/(c+d)]
or rate in exposed/rate in unexposed
Relative Risk (RR)=1.0 Correct Answers no association between exposure and disease
RR=2.0 Correct Answers two times the risk of disease in the exposed compared to the
unexposed
RR=1.6 Correct Answers 1.6 times the risk of disease in the exposed compared to the
unexposed or 60% increased risk of disease in the exposed (1.6-1.0=.60=60%)
RR-.5 Correct Answers .5 times or 1/2 the risk of disease in exposed compared to the
unexposed
odds ratio Correct Answers -represents the odds that an outcome will occur given a
particular exposure, compared to the odds of the outcome occurring in the absence of
that exposure
- most commonly used in case-control studies; can also be used in cross sectional and
cohort studies
OR equation Correct Answers (a/b)/(c/d)
which condition must be met in order for the Odds ratio to approximate the relative risk?
Correct Answers the disease must be rare
ecological study (correlational) Correct Answers -unit of analysis: population or groups
- exposure status: based on the population
- time can vary
ecological fallacy Correct Answers making assumptions about the individual based on
findings at the level of the population
cross sectional Correct Answers -time: snapshot in time
-population- individual level (selected without regard to exposure or disease status)
-measure: prevalence of disease
- measure of association: OR
-cannot determine cause and effect
case control Correct Answers -disease is rate
-disease has a long induction and latent period
-little is known about the disease
- selection of the cases
-selection of controls
CPH|2024-2025 latest version|
Comprehensive questions and verified
answers/accurate solutions|Already
graded A+Correct Questions And
Answers
Epidemiology Correct Answers study of the distribution (frequency, pattern) and
determinants (causes, risk factors) of health related states and events (not just
diseases) in specified populations.
Roles of epidemiology in public health: Correct Answers - monitor health of a pop
-respond to emerging public health problems
-promote research and use of evidence based interventions
-evaluate the effectiveness of interventions
-findings provide foundations for public health policy
-set funding priorities for research intervention programs
which components of epidemiology describes who gets the disease, where people with
the disease are located and how these aspects of disease change over time? Correct
Answers distribution
population Correct Answers a group of people with a common characteristic in terms of
person, place, and time
crude mortality Correct Answers number of deaths from all causes
age specific mortality Correct Answers number of deaths from all causes in a specific
age group
cause specific mortality Correct Answers number of deaths from a specific cause
infant mortality Correct Answers number of deaths of infants less than 1 year of age
prevalence rate Correct Answers number of existing cases of disease
incidence rate Correct Answers number of new cases of disease
,disability Correct Answers umbrella term for impairments, activity limitations, and
participation restrictions
disease frequency Correct Answers quantification of the disease in the population: how
often does the disease occur
disease distribution Correct Answers analysis of disease patterns: who, where, does it
change over time
epidemic Correct Answers an increase in the number of cases of disease in a
community, above what is expected
endemic Correct Answers a situation in a community in which there is a consistent
elevated rate of a certain disease
pandemic Correct Answers an epidemic that is widespread across a country, continent,
or a large populace, possibly world wide (ex. aids)
ratio Correct Answers division of one number by another, numbers dont have to be
related
proportion Correct Answers numerator is subset of denominator, often expressed as a
percentage
rate Correct Answers time is an intrinsic part of denominator, term is most misused
prevalence Correct Answers number of existing cases of disease/ number in total
population (at a point or during a period of time)
incidence Correct Answers number of new cases of disease that develop in the
population at risk during a specific time period
cumulative incidence Correct Answers -number of new cases of disease/number in
candidate population (people who are at risk of getting disease) over a specified period
of time
- estimates the probability or risk that a person will develop disease during a specified
time
- used mainly for fixed populations
incidence rate Correct Answers number of new cases of disease in the candidate
population/ person time of observation
relationship between incidence and prevalence Correct Answers -incidence decreases
but people are living longer with the disease= increased prevalence
- the incidence increases but the duration is short= decreased prevalence
- the incidence decreases and the duration is short= decreased prevalence
, relative risk Correct Answers [a/(a+b)]/[c/(c+d)]
or rate in exposed/rate in unexposed
Relative Risk (RR)=1.0 Correct Answers no association between exposure and disease
RR=2.0 Correct Answers two times the risk of disease in the exposed compared to the
unexposed
RR=1.6 Correct Answers 1.6 times the risk of disease in the exposed compared to the
unexposed or 60% increased risk of disease in the exposed (1.6-1.0=.60=60%)
RR-.5 Correct Answers .5 times or 1/2 the risk of disease in exposed compared to the
unexposed
odds ratio Correct Answers -represents the odds that an outcome will occur given a
particular exposure, compared to the odds of the outcome occurring in the absence of
that exposure
- most commonly used in case-control studies; can also be used in cross sectional and
cohort studies
OR equation Correct Answers (a/b)/(c/d)
which condition must be met in order for the Odds ratio to approximate the relative risk?
Correct Answers the disease must be rare
ecological study (correlational) Correct Answers -unit of analysis: population or groups
- exposure status: based on the population
- time can vary
ecological fallacy Correct Answers making assumptions about the individual based on
findings at the level of the population
cross sectional Correct Answers -time: snapshot in time
-population- individual level (selected without regard to exposure or disease status)
-measure: prevalence of disease
- measure of association: OR
-cannot determine cause and effect
case control Correct Answers -disease is rate
-disease has a long induction and latent period
-little is known about the disease
- selection of the cases
-selection of controls
