Instructor’s Solution Manual yhnin yhnin
Artificial Intelligence yhnin
A Modern Approac
yhnin yhnin yhnin
h
Fourth Edition yhnin
Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig
yhnin yhnin yhnin yhnin yhnin
with yhnin contributions yhnin from
Nalin Chhibber, Ernest Davis, Nicholas J. Hay, Jared Moore, Alex R
yhnin yhnin yhnin yhnin yhnin yhnin yhnin yhnin yhnin yhnin
udnick, Mehran Sahami, Xiaocheng Mesut Yang, and Albert Yu
yhnin yhnin yhnin yhnin yhnin yhnin yhnin yhnin
Thisyhninsolutionyhninmanualyhninisyhninintendedyhninforyhnintheyhnininstructoryhninofyhninayhninclass.yhninStudentsyhni
nshouldyhninuseyhnintheyhninonlineyhninsiteyhninforyhninexercisesyhninatyhninaimacode.github.io/aim
a-
exercises.y h n i n Thatyhninsiteyhninisyhninopenyhninforyhninanyoneyhnintoyhninuse.yhninItyhninoffersyhninsolutionsyhninf
oryhninsomeyhninbutyhninnotyhninallyhninofyhnintheyhninexercises;yhninanyhnininstructoryhnincanyhnincheckyhninthereyhnintoyhninseey
hninwhichyhninonesyhninhaveyhninsolutions.y h n i n Theyhninexercisesyhninareyhninonlineyhninratheryhninthanyhnininyhnin
theyhnintextbookyhninitselfyhninbecauseyhnin(a)yhnintheyhnintextbookyhninisyhninlongyhninenoughyhninasyhninis,yhninand
yhnin(b)yhninweyhninwantedyhnintoyhninbeyhninableyhnintoyhninupdateyhnintheyhninexercisesyhninfrequently.
©yhnin2023yhninPearsonyhninEducation,yhninHoboken,yhninNJ.yhninAlly
hninrightsyhninreserved.
, Copyrightyhnin©yhnin2022
©yhnin2023yhninPearsonyhninEducation,yhninHoboken,yhninNJ.yhninAlly
hninrightsyhninreserved.
,EXERCISES y h n i n yhnin
1
INTRODUCTION
Noteyhninthatyhninforyhninmanyyhninofyhnintheyhninquestionsyhnininyhninthisyhninchapter,yhninweyhningiveyhninreferencesyhnin
whereyhninanswersyhnincanyhninbeyhninfoundyhninratheryhninthanyhninwritingyhninthemyhninout—
theyhninfullyhninanswersyhninwouldyhninbeyhninfaryhnintooyhninlong.
1.1 y h n i n What Is AI?
yhnin yhnin
Exerciseyhnin1.1.#DEFA
Defineyhnininyhninyouryhninownyhninwords:y h n i n (a)yhninintelligence,yhnin(b)yhninartificialyhninintelligence,yhnin
(c)yhninagent,yhnin(d)yhninra-yhnintionality,yhnin(e)yhninlogicalyhninreasoning.
a. Dictionaryyhnindefinitionsyhninofyhninintelligenceyhnintalkyhninaboutyhnin“theyhnincapacityyhnintoyhninac
quireyhninandyhninapplyyhninknowledge”yhninoryhnin“theyhninfacultyyhninofyhninthoughtyhninandyhninreason
”yhninoryhnin“theyhninabilityyhnintoyhnincomprehendyhninandyhninprofityhninfromyhninexperience.”y h n i n Th
eseyhninareyhninallyhninreasonableyhninanswers,yhninbutyhninifyhninweyhninwantyhninsomethingyhninquantifia
bleyhninweyhninwouldyhninuseyhninsomethingyhninlikeyhnin“theyhninabilityyhnintoyhninactyhninsuccessfullyyhninacr
ossyhninayhninwideyhninrangeyhninofyhninobjectivesyhnininyhnincomplexyhninenvironments.”
b. Weyhnindefineyhninartificialyhninintelligenceyhninasyhnintheyhninstudyyhninandyhninconstructionyhninofyhnin
agentyhninprogramsyhninthatyhninperformyhninwellyhnininyhninayhningivenyhninclassyhninofyhninenvironments
,yhninforyhninayhningivenyhninagentyhninarchitecture;yhnintheyyhnindoyhnintheyhninrightyhninthing.y h n i n Anyhnini
mportantyhninpartyhninofyhninthatyhninisyhnindealingyhninwithyhnintheyhninuncertaintyyhninofyhninwhatyhnintheyh
nincurrentyhninstateyhninis,yhninwhatyhnintheyhninoutcomeyhninofyhninpossibleyhninactionsyhninmightyhninbe,yhni
nandyhninwhatyhninisyhninityhninthatyhninweyhninreallyyhnindesire.
c. Weyhnindefineyhninanyhninagentyhninasyhninanyhninentityyhninthatyhnintakesyhninactionyhnininyhninresponseyhnintoyhni
nperceptsyhninfromyhninanyhninenvi-yhninronment.
d. Weyhnindefineyhninrationalityyhninasyhnintheyhninpropertyyhninofyhninayhninsystemyhninwhichyhnindoesyhninth
eyhnin“rightyhninthing”yhningivenyhninwhatyhninityhninknows.y h n i n SeeyhninSectionyhnin2.2yhninforyhninayhninm
oreyhnincompleteyhnindiscussion.y h n i n Theyhninbasicyhninconceptyhninisyhninperfectyhninrationality;yhninS
ectionyhnin??yhnindescribesyhnintheyhninimpossibilityyhninofyhninachievingyhninperfectyhninrational-
yhninityyhninandyhninproposesyhninanyhninalternativeyhnindefinition.
e. Weyhnindefineyhninlogicalyhninreasoningyhninasyhnintheyhninayhninprocessyhninofyhninderivingyhninnewyhninsenten
cesyhninfromyhninold,yhninsuchyhninthatyhnintheyhninnewyhninsentencesyhninareyhninnecessarilyyhnintrueyhninifyhnintheyhnin
oldyhninonesyhninareyhnintrue.yhnin(Noticeyhninthatyhnindoesyhninnotyhninreferyhnintoyhninanyyhninspecificyhninsyntaxyhnino
ryhninformalyhninlanguage,yhninbutyhninityhnindoesyhninrequireyhninayhninwell-definedyhninnotionyhninofyhnintruth.)
©yhnin2023yhninPearsonyhninEducation,yhninHoboken,yhninNJ.yhninAlly
hninrightsyhninreserved.
, Exerciseyhnin1.1.#TURI
ReadyhninTuring’syhninoriginalyhninpaperyhninonyhninAIyhnin(Turing,yhnin1950).y h n i n Inyhnintheyhninpaper,yhninh
eyhnindiscussesyhninseveralyhninobjectionsyhnintoyhninhisyhninproposedyhninenterpriseyhninandyhninhisyhnintestyhninforyhninintelli
gence.yhninWhichyhninobjectionsyhninstillyhnincarry
©yhnin2023yhninPearsonyhninEducation,yhninHoboken,yhninNJ.yhninAlly
hninrightsyhninreserved.
Artificial Intelligence yhnin
A Modern Approac
yhnin yhnin yhnin
h
Fourth Edition yhnin
Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig
yhnin yhnin yhnin yhnin yhnin
with yhnin contributions yhnin from
Nalin Chhibber, Ernest Davis, Nicholas J. Hay, Jared Moore, Alex R
yhnin yhnin yhnin yhnin yhnin yhnin yhnin yhnin yhnin yhnin
udnick, Mehran Sahami, Xiaocheng Mesut Yang, and Albert Yu
yhnin yhnin yhnin yhnin yhnin yhnin yhnin yhnin
Thisyhninsolutionyhninmanualyhninisyhninintendedyhninforyhnintheyhnininstructoryhninofyhninayhninclass.yhninStudentsyhni
nshouldyhninuseyhnintheyhninonlineyhninsiteyhninforyhninexercisesyhninatyhninaimacode.github.io/aim
a-
exercises.y h n i n Thatyhninsiteyhninisyhninopenyhninforyhninanyoneyhnintoyhninuse.yhninItyhninoffersyhninsolutionsyhninf
oryhninsomeyhninbutyhninnotyhninallyhninofyhnintheyhninexercises;yhninanyhnininstructoryhnincanyhnincheckyhninthereyhnintoyhninseey
hninwhichyhninonesyhninhaveyhninsolutions.y h n i n Theyhninexercisesyhninareyhninonlineyhninratheryhninthanyhnininyhnin
theyhnintextbookyhninitselfyhninbecauseyhnin(a)yhnintheyhnintextbookyhninisyhninlongyhninenoughyhninasyhninis,yhninand
yhnin(b)yhninweyhninwantedyhnintoyhninbeyhninableyhnintoyhninupdateyhnintheyhninexercisesyhninfrequently.
©yhnin2023yhninPearsonyhninEducation,yhninHoboken,yhninNJ.yhninAlly
hninrightsyhninreserved.
, Copyrightyhnin©yhnin2022
©yhnin2023yhninPearsonyhninEducation,yhninHoboken,yhninNJ.yhninAlly
hninrightsyhninreserved.
,EXERCISES y h n i n yhnin
1
INTRODUCTION
Noteyhninthatyhninforyhninmanyyhninofyhnintheyhninquestionsyhnininyhninthisyhninchapter,yhninweyhningiveyhninreferencesyhnin
whereyhninanswersyhnincanyhninbeyhninfoundyhninratheryhninthanyhninwritingyhninthemyhninout—
theyhninfullyhninanswersyhninwouldyhninbeyhninfaryhnintooyhninlong.
1.1 y h n i n What Is AI?
yhnin yhnin
Exerciseyhnin1.1.#DEFA
Defineyhnininyhninyouryhninownyhninwords:y h n i n (a)yhninintelligence,yhnin(b)yhninartificialyhninintelligence,yhnin
(c)yhninagent,yhnin(d)yhninra-yhnintionality,yhnin(e)yhninlogicalyhninreasoning.
a. Dictionaryyhnindefinitionsyhninofyhninintelligenceyhnintalkyhninaboutyhnin“theyhnincapacityyhnintoyhninac
quireyhninandyhninapplyyhninknowledge”yhninoryhnin“theyhninfacultyyhninofyhninthoughtyhninandyhninreason
”yhninoryhnin“theyhninabilityyhnintoyhnincomprehendyhninandyhninprofityhninfromyhninexperience.”y h n i n Th
eseyhninareyhninallyhninreasonableyhninanswers,yhninbutyhninifyhninweyhninwantyhninsomethingyhninquantifia
bleyhninweyhninwouldyhninuseyhninsomethingyhninlikeyhnin“theyhninabilityyhnintoyhninactyhninsuccessfullyyhninacr
ossyhninayhninwideyhninrangeyhninofyhninobjectivesyhnininyhnincomplexyhninenvironments.”
b. Weyhnindefineyhninartificialyhninintelligenceyhninasyhnintheyhninstudyyhninandyhninconstructionyhninofyhnin
agentyhninprogramsyhninthatyhninperformyhninwellyhnininyhninayhningivenyhninclassyhninofyhninenvironments
,yhninforyhninayhningivenyhninagentyhninarchitecture;yhnintheyyhnindoyhnintheyhninrightyhninthing.y h n i n Anyhnini
mportantyhninpartyhninofyhninthatyhninisyhnindealingyhninwithyhnintheyhninuncertaintyyhninofyhninwhatyhnintheyh
nincurrentyhninstateyhninis,yhninwhatyhnintheyhninoutcomeyhninofyhninpossibleyhninactionsyhninmightyhninbe,yhni
nandyhninwhatyhninisyhninityhninthatyhninweyhninreallyyhnindesire.
c. Weyhnindefineyhninanyhninagentyhninasyhninanyhninentityyhninthatyhnintakesyhninactionyhnininyhninresponseyhnintoyhni
nperceptsyhninfromyhninanyhninenvi-yhninronment.
d. Weyhnindefineyhninrationalityyhninasyhnintheyhninpropertyyhninofyhninayhninsystemyhninwhichyhnindoesyhninth
eyhnin“rightyhninthing”yhningivenyhninwhatyhninityhninknows.y h n i n SeeyhninSectionyhnin2.2yhninforyhninayhninm
oreyhnincompleteyhnindiscussion.y h n i n Theyhninbasicyhninconceptyhninisyhninperfectyhninrationality;yhninS
ectionyhnin??yhnindescribesyhnintheyhninimpossibilityyhninofyhninachievingyhninperfectyhninrational-
yhninityyhninandyhninproposesyhninanyhninalternativeyhnindefinition.
e. Weyhnindefineyhninlogicalyhninreasoningyhninasyhnintheyhninayhninprocessyhninofyhninderivingyhninnewyhninsenten
cesyhninfromyhninold,yhninsuchyhninthatyhnintheyhninnewyhninsentencesyhninareyhninnecessarilyyhnintrueyhninifyhnintheyhnin
oldyhninonesyhninareyhnintrue.yhnin(Noticeyhninthatyhnindoesyhninnotyhninreferyhnintoyhninanyyhninspecificyhninsyntaxyhnino
ryhninformalyhninlanguage,yhninbutyhninityhnindoesyhninrequireyhninayhninwell-definedyhninnotionyhninofyhnintruth.)
©yhnin2023yhninPearsonyhninEducation,yhninHoboken,yhninNJ.yhninAlly
hninrightsyhninreserved.
, Exerciseyhnin1.1.#TURI
ReadyhninTuring’syhninoriginalyhninpaperyhninonyhninAIyhnin(Turing,yhnin1950).y h n i n Inyhnintheyhninpaper,yhninh
eyhnindiscussesyhninseveralyhninobjectionsyhnintoyhninhisyhninproposedyhninenterpriseyhninandyhninhisyhnintestyhninforyhninintelli
gence.yhninWhichyhninobjectionsyhninstillyhnincarry
©yhnin2023yhninPearsonyhninEducation,yhninHoboken,yhninNJ.yhninAlly
hninrightsyhninreserved.
