Biology Proctored Exam Penn Foster
Review 2025 Questions and Answers
Solved
1. Characteristics of living things:
Ans> -All are composed of cells
-All obtain energy and use it to develop
-Can sense changes in the environment and adjust in response to change
-Exhibit modifications that represent adaptations to their environment
2. Levels of Biological Organization
Ans>: atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, or- gan, organ system, organism
3. How are organisms classified? Ans>: on the basis of their
evolutionary/genetic relat- edness
4. What is the scientific method? What is it's importance in biological sci-
ences? Ans> : Process used to validate observations while minimizing
observer bias
It's goal is for research to be conduced in a fair, unbiased and repeatable manner.
The best way to discover how and why the world works
mailto:https://www.stuvia.com/user/Wisdoms
, 5. What is matter? Ans>: Anything that has mass and takes up space
6. What is an atom? Ans>: smallest unit of matter that retains all the chemical
properties of an element. They combine to form molecules which then form into a
solid, gas or liquid
7. What is the structure of an atom? Ans>: Nucleus in the center that contains
protons (positively charged) and neutrons (no charge). The outermost region is
called an electron shell that contain the electrons (negatively charged)
8. What is an ionic bond? Ans>: A chemical bond that's formed when an atom
transfers and electron to another Atom
9. What is a covalent bond?: Results when 2 atoms share electrons in order to
have a completed outer shell
10. What is a double covalent bond? Ans>: Occurs when 2 atoms share 2
pairs of electroms
11. In order to be an organic molecule it must contain what? Ans>:
Carbon and hydrogen
12. What are the main groups of organic molecules that build cells and their
parts? Ans>: Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acid
13. What are the properties of water? Ans>: Its attraction to polar
molecules. High-specific heat.
High heat of vaporization.
The lower density of ice.
High polarity.
14. Carbohydrates: Broken down to glucose to provide energy.
15. What are the different kinds of carbs? Ans>: Glucose= monosaccharide that
serves as blood sugar
Sucrose= disaccharide which is table sugar
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, Polysaccharides= include starch, which stores energy in plants
Glycogen= stores energy in animals
Cellulose= makes up the structure of plant cell walls
16. Protein: macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen;
needed by the body for growth and repair
17. Lipid: Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are
made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Serve as a long term energy source
18. Nucleic acid: macromolecule containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon,
and phosphorus
Form DNA which acts to store genetic information
19. What is the cell theory?: All living organisms are made up of cells
The cell is the smallest structural and functional unit of all living organisms
All cells arise from pre-existing cells
20. Ribosome: Makes proteins
21. Endoplasmic Reticulum: A cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in
which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another.
22. Smooth ER: Makes lipids
23. Rough ER: That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes.
24. Golgi Apparatus: Sorts and packs protein into vesicles and transports them
25. Lysosome: Digests food, bacteria and worn out organelles
26. Vacuole: Stores food, enzymes and other material
27. Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell- produces energy for growth, develop-
ment and movement
28. Nucleus: A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth
and reproduction
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, 29. Cell wall: A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides
support to the cell
30. Explain the process of diffusion:: Molecules move from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration until the concentration of molecules
is the same at both sites
31. Explain the process of osmosis:: Water moves from areas of low solute
concentration to areas of high solute concentration
32. Describe a basic enzymatic reaction:: S+E= P+E
E represents the enzyme catalyzing the reaction
S is the substance being changed
P is the product of the reaction
mailto:https://www.stuvia.com/user/Wisdoms
Review 2025 Questions and Answers
Solved
1. Characteristics of living things:
Ans> -All are composed of cells
-All obtain energy and use it to develop
-Can sense changes in the environment and adjust in response to change
-Exhibit modifications that represent adaptations to their environment
2. Levels of Biological Organization
Ans>: atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, or- gan, organ system, organism
3. How are organisms classified? Ans>: on the basis of their
evolutionary/genetic relat- edness
4. What is the scientific method? What is it's importance in biological sci-
ences? Ans> : Process used to validate observations while minimizing
observer bias
It's goal is for research to be conduced in a fair, unbiased and repeatable manner.
The best way to discover how and why the world works
mailto:https://www.stuvia.com/user/Wisdoms
, 5. What is matter? Ans>: Anything that has mass and takes up space
6. What is an atom? Ans>: smallest unit of matter that retains all the chemical
properties of an element. They combine to form molecules which then form into a
solid, gas or liquid
7. What is the structure of an atom? Ans>: Nucleus in the center that contains
protons (positively charged) and neutrons (no charge). The outermost region is
called an electron shell that contain the electrons (negatively charged)
8. What is an ionic bond? Ans>: A chemical bond that's formed when an atom
transfers and electron to another Atom
9. What is a covalent bond?: Results when 2 atoms share electrons in order to
have a completed outer shell
10. What is a double covalent bond? Ans>: Occurs when 2 atoms share 2
pairs of electroms
11. In order to be an organic molecule it must contain what? Ans>:
Carbon and hydrogen
12. What are the main groups of organic molecules that build cells and their
parts? Ans>: Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acid
13. What are the properties of water? Ans>: Its attraction to polar
molecules. High-specific heat.
High heat of vaporization.
The lower density of ice.
High polarity.
14. Carbohydrates: Broken down to glucose to provide energy.
15. What are the different kinds of carbs? Ans>: Glucose= monosaccharide that
serves as blood sugar
Sucrose= disaccharide which is table sugar
mailto:https://www.stuvia.com/user/Wisdoms
, Polysaccharides= include starch, which stores energy in plants
Glycogen= stores energy in animals
Cellulose= makes up the structure of plant cell walls
16. Protein: macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen;
needed by the body for growth and repair
17. Lipid: Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are
made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Serve as a long term energy source
18. Nucleic acid: macromolecule containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon,
and phosphorus
Form DNA which acts to store genetic information
19. What is the cell theory?: All living organisms are made up of cells
The cell is the smallest structural and functional unit of all living organisms
All cells arise from pre-existing cells
20. Ribosome: Makes proteins
21. Endoplasmic Reticulum: A cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in
which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another.
22. Smooth ER: Makes lipids
23. Rough ER: That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes.
24. Golgi Apparatus: Sorts and packs protein into vesicles and transports them
25. Lysosome: Digests food, bacteria and worn out organelles
26. Vacuole: Stores food, enzymes and other material
27. Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell- produces energy for growth, develop-
ment and movement
28. Nucleus: A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth
and reproduction
mailto:https://www.stuvia.com/user/Wisdoms
, 29. Cell wall: A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides
support to the cell
30. Explain the process of diffusion:: Molecules move from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration until the concentration of molecules
is the same at both sites
31. Explain the process of osmosis:: Water moves from areas of low solute
concentration to areas of high solute concentration
32. Describe a basic enzymatic reaction:: S+E= P+E
E represents the enzyme catalyzing the reaction
S is the substance being changed
P is the product of the reaction
mailto:https://www.stuvia.com/user/Wisdoms
