COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE TO CARDIAC ANATOMY
AND ACLS INSIDER ACCESS OF 2025/2026 EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH 100% SUCCESS RATE
Adam Peddicord - Co-Founder, Pass with PASS, LLC, has been a Paramedic since 1998 and
started his fire service career in 1993. He is currently the EMS Coordinator and a
Captain/Paramedic at Newport (KY) Fire/EMS Department.
Brandon Schoborg - Co-Founder, Pass with PASS, LLC, is currently the EMS Education
Manager of a hospital and college based EMT/Paramedic Program in Kentucky.
EMS Coordinator - A position held by Adam Peddicord at Newport (KY) Fire/EMS Department,
responsible for overseeing emergency medical services.
Medical Commander - A role held by Adam Peddicord in the Newport Police Department SWAT
Team, overseeing medical operations during SWAT missions.
Paramedic Education - Brandon Schoborg completed his paramedic education at the University
of Cincinnati in 2010.
Associate's Degree in EMS-Paramedic - A degree held by Brandon Schoborg, indicating
completion of a program focused on emergency medical services and paramedic training.
Bachelor's Degree in Health Science - A degree held by Brandon Schoborg, indicating a focus on
health-related studies.
MBA in Healthcare Management - A degree held by Brandon Schoborg, indicating advanced
study in managing healthcare organizations.
Disclaimer - All procedures listed in the study guide should only be performed by appropriately
licensed/certified, authorized, and trained personnel.
,Medication Dosages - Medication dosages may differ across the country; any medication
dosages in the study guide are relatively standardized.
Quality Assurance - The process of continuously reviewing study guides for accuracy and current
information, emphasized by Pass with PASS, LLC.
Copyright - All rights reserved by Pass with PASS, LLC; no part of the material protected by this
copyright may be reproduced without written permission.
Endorsement - Reference to any specific commercial product or service does not constitute or
imply its endorsement by Pass with PASS, LLC.
Experience in EMS Education - Adam Peddicord has over 20 years of experience in EMS
education through the University of Cincinnati and Gateway Community and Technical College.
Teaching Career - Brandon Schoborg began his teaching career at the University of Cincinnati
Clermont College.
Fire Service Career - Adam Peddicord started his fire service career in 1993, leading to his
current roles in EMS.
Board-Certified Family Nurse Practitioner - A certification held by Adam Peddicord, indicating
advanced training and competence in family nursing.
Orthopedics and Addiction Medicine - Areas of experience for Adam Peddicord as a Nurse
Practitioner.
Columbus (OH) Division of Fire - An organization where Brandon Schoborg previously served
as the EMS Education Manager.
,Cleveland Clinic Akron General - An organization where Brandon Schoborg served as the
Director of EMS Education.
Newport Fire/EMS Department - The department where both Adam Peddicord and Brandon
Schoborg have served in various capacities.
Ejection Fraction - Percentage of blood ejected (%)
Normal EF - 55 - 70%
Stroke Volume - Volume of blood ejected (mL)
Normal Stroke Volume - 60 - 100mL; average is 70mL
Cardiac Output - Volume of blood that the heart pumps in 1 minute
Cardiac Output Formula - Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume X Heart Rate
Heart Anatomy - Center of chest in mediastinum, 2/3 of mass is left of the midline, muscular
organ, size of patient's closed fist
Three Layers of Heart Muscle - Endocardium: Innermost layer, Myocardium: Middle layer,
Pericardium or Epicardium: Outer layer
Pericardium - Protective sac around the heart (most commonly talked about in cardiac
tamponade)
Visceral Pericardium - Innermost lining of the sac
, Parietal Pericardium - Second or middle lining of the sac
Fibrous Pericardium - Outer most lining, external covering of the parietal pericardium
Atria - Two superior chambers, receive incoming blood
Right Atrium - Receives blood from vena cava
Left Atrium - Receives blood from pulmonary vein
Septum - Interatrial septum separates the right and left atria; interventricular septum separates
the right and left ventricle
Ventricles - Two inferior chambers, larger than the atria, pump blood out of the heart
Right Ventricle - Pumps blood to lungs through pulmonary artery
Left Ventricle - Pumps blood to the body through the aorta
Cardiac Blood Flow - 1. Superior and Inferior Vena Cava returns blood to heart 2. Right Atrium
→ Tricuspid Valve 3. Right Ventricle → Pulmonic Valve → Pulmonary Artery 4. To the Lungs
→ Pulmonary Vein 5. Left Atrium → Mitral Valve 6. Left Ventricle → Aortic Valve 7. Aorta
(largest artery in the body) 8. Body
Coronary Arteries - Originate at the opening of the aorta
Coronary Arteries Perfusion - Perfused during diastole
AND ACLS INSIDER ACCESS OF 2025/2026 EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH 100% SUCCESS RATE
Adam Peddicord - Co-Founder, Pass with PASS, LLC, has been a Paramedic since 1998 and
started his fire service career in 1993. He is currently the EMS Coordinator and a
Captain/Paramedic at Newport (KY) Fire/EMS Department.
Brandon Schoborg - Co-Founder, Pass with PASS, LLC, is currently the EMS Education
Manager of a hospital and college based EMT/Paramedic Program in Kentucky.
EMS Coordinator - A position held by Adam Peddicord at Newport (KY) Fire/EMS Department,
responsible for overseeing emergency medical services.
Medical Commander - A role held by Adam Peddicord in the Newport Police Department SWAT
Team, overseeing medical operations during SWAT missions.
Paramedic Education - Brandon Schoborg completed his paramedic education at the University
of Cincinnati in 2010.
Associate's Degree in EMS-Paramedic - A degree held by Brandon Schoborg, indicating
completion of a program focused on emergency medical services and paramedic training.
Bachelor's Degree in Health Science - A degree held by Brandon Schoborg, indicating a focus on
health-related studies.
MBA in Healthcare Management - A degree held by Brandon Schoborg, indicating advanced
study in managing healthcare organizations.
Disclaimer - All procedures listed in the study guide should only be performed by appropriately
licensed/certified, authorized, and trained personnel.
,Medication Dosages - Medication dosages may differ across the country; any medication
dosages in the study guide are relatively standardized.
Quality Assurance - The process of continuously reviewing study guides for accuracy and current
information, emphasized by Pass with PASS, LLC.
Copyright - All rights reserved by Pass with PASS, LLC; no part of the material protected by this
copyright may be reproduced without written permission.
Endorsement - Reference to any specific commercial product or service does not constitute or
imply its endorsement by Pass with PASS, LLC.
Experience in EMS Education - Adam Peddicord has over 20 years of experience in EMS
education through the University of Cincinnati and Gateway Community and Technical College.
Teaching Career - Brandon Schoborg began his teaching career at the University of Cincinnati
Clermont College.
Fire Service Career - Adam Peddicord started his fire service career in 1993, leading to his
current roles in EMS.
Board-Certified Family Nurse Practitioner - A certification held by Adam Peddicord, indicating
advanced training and competence in family nursing.
Orthopedics and Addiction Medicine - Areas of experience for Adam Peddicord as a Nurse
Practitioner.
Columbus (OH) Division of Fire - An organization where Brandon Schoborg previously served
as the EMS Education Manager.
,Cleveland Clinic Akron General - An organization where Brandon Schoborg served as the
Director of EMS Education.
Newport Fire/EMS Department - The department where both Adam Peddicord and Brandon
Schoborg have served in various capacities.
Ejection Fraction - Percentage of blood ejected (%)
Normal EF - 55 - 70%
Stroke Volume - Volume of blood ejected (mL)
Normal Stroke Volume - 60 - 100mL; average is 70mL
Cardiac Output - Volume of blood that the heart pumps in 1 minute
Cardiac Output Formula - Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume X Heart Rate
Heart Anatomy - Center of chest in mediastinum, 2/3 of mass is left of the midline, muscular
organ, size of patient's closed fist
Three Layers of Heart Muscle - Endocardium: Innermost layer, Myocardium: Middle layer,
Pericardium or Epicardium: Outer layer
Pericardium - Protective sac around the heart (most commonly talked about in cardiac
tamponade)
Visceral Pericardium - Innermost lining of the sac
, Parietal Pericardium - Second or middle lining of the sac
Fibrous Pericardium - Outer most lining, external covering of the parietal pericardium
Atria - Two superior chambers, receive incoming blood
Right Atrium - Receives blood from vena cava
Left Atrium - Receives blood from pulmonary vein
Septum - Interatrial septum separates the right and left atria; interventricular septum separates
the right and left ventricle
Ventricles - Two inferior chambers, larger than the atria, pump blood out of the heart
Right Ventricle - Pumps blood to lungs through pulmonary artery
Left Ventricle - Pumps blood to the body through the aorta
Cardiac Blood Flow - 1. Superior and Inferior Vena Cava returns blood to heart 2. Right Atrium
→ Tricuspid Valve 3. Right Ventricle → Pulmonic Valve → Pulmonary Artery 4. To the Lungs
→ Pulmonary Vein 5. Left Atrium → Mitral Valve 6. Left Ventricle → Aortic Valve 7. Aorta
(largest artery in the body) 8. Body
Coronary Arteries - Originate at the opening of the aorta
Coronary Arteries Perfusion - Perfused during diastole
