COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE TO ECG AND PATIENT
ASSESSMENT INSIDER ACCESS OF 2025/2026 EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH 100% SUCCESS RATE
Normal Sinus Rhythm - 60-100 bpm, Regular, P before QRS, Normal PRI
Sinus Bradycardia - <60 bpm, Regular, Slower than NSR
Sinus Tachycardia - >100 bpm, Regular, Faster than NSR
Atrial Fibrillation - Varies, Irregularly Irregular, No P waves
Atrial Flutter - Varies, Can be irregular, Sawtooth flutter waves
Supra-ventricular Tachycardia - >150 bpm, Regular, P waves are not visible
Ventricular Tachycardia - >100 bpm, Regular, Wide QRS, No P waves
Ventricular Fibrillation - Pulseless, Chaotic, Wavy, disorganized
Asystole - Pulseless, Flatline, No electrical activity
STEMI - ST elevation in 2+ contiguous leads
Total GCS - E + V + M (Range: 3-15)
GCS < 8 - Consider advanced airway management
,GCS 13-15 - Mild injury
GCS 9-12 - Moderate injury
GCS ≤8 - Severe injury
Normal Pediatric Vital Signs (Newborn) - Heart Rate: 100-160, Respiratory Rate: 30-60, Systolic
BP: 60-90
Normal Pediatric Vital Signs (Infant) - Heart Rate: 100-160, Respiratory Rate: 30-60, Systolic
BP: 70-95
Normal Pediatric Vital Signs (Toddler) - Heart Rate: 90-150, Respiratory Rate: 24-40, Systolic
BP: 80-100
Normal Pediatric Vital Signs (Preschool) - Heart Rate: 80-140, Respiratory Rate: 22-34, Systolic
BP: 80-110
Normal Pediatric Vital Signs (School Age) - Heart Rate: 70-120, Respiratory Rate: 18-30,
Systolic BP: 80-115
Normal Pediatric Vital Signs (Adolescent) - Heart Rate: 60-100, Respiratory Rate: 12-20,
Systolic BP: 90-120
Capnography - Measures end-tidal CO2 (EtCO2) and reflects ventilation and perfusion status
Normal EtCO2 Range - 35-45 mmHg
Flatline (Zero) EtCO2 - Apnea, dislodged tube, cardiac arrest
, Shark Fin EtCO2 - Bronchospasm (Asthma, COPD)
Elevated EtCO2 (>45) - Hypoventilation, ROSC, sedation, pain
Low EtCO2 (<35) - Hyperventilation, PE, poor perfusion
Sudden Drop in EtCO2 - Disconnection, extubation, cardiac arrest
Appearance 0 Points - Blue, pale
Appearance 1 Point - Pink body, blue extremities
Appearance 2 Points - Completely pink
Pulse 0 Points - Absent
Pulse 1 Point - < 100 bpm
Pulse 2 Points - ≥ 100 bpm
Grimace 0 Points - No response
Grimace 1 Point - Grimace/feeble cry
Grimace 2 Points - Active crying, pulls away
ASSESSMENT INSIDER ACCESS OF 2025/2026 EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH 100% SUCCESS RATE
Normal Sinus Rhythm - 60-100 bpm, Regular, P before QRS, Normal PRI
Sinus Bradycardia - <60 bpm, Regular, Slower than NSR
Sinus Tachycardia - >100 bpm, Regular, Faster than NSR
Atrial Fibrillation - Varies, Irregularly Irregular, No P waves
Atrial Flutter - Varies, Can be irregular, Sawtooth flutter waves
Supra-ventricular Tachycardia - >150 bpm, Regular, P waves are not visible
Ventricular Tachycardia - >100 bpm, Regular, Wide QRS, No P waves
Ventricular Fibrillation - Pulseless, Chaotic, Wavy, disorganized
Asystole - Pulseless, Flatline, No electrical activity
STEMI - ST elevation in 2+ contiguous leads
Total GCS - E + V + M (Range: 3-15)
GCS < 8 - Consider advanced airway management
,GCS 13-15 - Mild injury
GCS 9-12 - Moderate injury
GCS ≤8 - Severe injury
Normal Pediatric Vital Signs (Newborn) - Heart Rate: 100-160, Respiratory Rate: 30-60, Systolic
BP: 60-90
Normal Pediatric Vital Signs (Infant) - Heart Rate: 100-160, Respiratory Rate: 30-60, Systolic
BP: 70-95
Normal Pediatric Vital Signs (Toddler) - Heart Rate: 90-150, Respiratory Rate: 24-40, Systolic
BP: 80-100
Normal Pediatric Vital Signs (Preschool) - Heart Rate: 80-140, Respiratory Rate: 22-34, Systolic
BP: 80-110
Normal Pediatric Vital Signs (School Age) - Heart Rate: 70-120, Respiratory Rate: 18-30,
Systolic BP: 80-115
Normal Pediatric Vital Signs (Adolescent) - Heart Rate: 60-100, Respiratory Rate: 12-20,
Systolic BP: 90-120
Capnography - Measures end-tidal CO2 (EtCO2) and reflects ventilation and perfusion status
Normal EtCO2 Range - 35-45 mmHg
Flatline (Zero) EtCO2 - Apnea, dislodged tube, cardiac arrest
, Shark Fin EtCO2 - Bronchospasm (Asthma, COPD)
Elevated EtCO2 (>45) - Hypoventilation, ROSC, sedation, pain
Low EtCO2 (<35) - Hyperventilation, PE, poor perfusion
Sudden Drop in EtCO2 - Disconnection, extubation, cardiac arrest
Appearance 0 Points - Blue, pale
Appearance 1 Point - Pink body, blue extremities
Appearance 2 Points - Completely pink
Pulse 0 Points - Absent
Pulse 1 Point - < 100 bpm
Pulse 2 Points - ≥ 100 bpm
Grimace 0 Points - No response
Grimace 1 Point - Grimace/feeble cry
Grimace 2 Points - Active crying, pulls away
