Psychology: Frontiers And Applications
MICHAEL W. PASSER, RONALD E. SMITH, MICHAEL
ATKINSON, JOHN MITCHELL
18th Edition
,ÿ
ÿ1234567683ÿ96 2ÿ ÿ74 62ÿ4ÿ 6ÿ3ÿ
122ÿ5ÿ
#$%&'(%ÿ)('ÿ*+,)-'.ÿ/$ÿ-0'ÿ%',+$.ÿ0)*1ÿ+1ÿ-0/%ÿ.+,23'$-4ÿ
567899:ÿ;ÿ< ÿ=5=ÿ>ÿ5ÿ2? ÿ2ÿ@ÿÿ=9=ÿ>ÿ5ÿ2? ÿ2ÿ>72Aÿ
Bÿ #ÿ('%')(,0'(ÿ&0+ÿ/%ÿ%-2.D/$Eÿ-0'ÿ'11',-ÿ+1ÿ%*''Fÿ+$ÿ,+E$/-/G'ÿ)H/*/-Dÿ.'G'*+F%ÿ)ÿE'$'()*ÿ
-0'+(Dÿ)H+2-ÿ-0'ÿ('*'G)$,'ÿ+1ÿ%*''Fÿ1+(ÿF%D,0+*+E/,)*ÿF0'$+3'$)4ÿI0/%ÿ/%ÿ)$ÿ'J)3F*'ÿ+1ÿ)FF*/'.ÿ
('%')(,04ÿ
Kÿ -(2'ÿ
Kÿ 1)*%'ÿ
ÿ
M@26ÿN72ÿ
#,,'%%/H/*/-DÿOÿP'DH+)(.ÿQ)G/E)-/+$ÿ
R')($/$EÿSHT',-/G'ÿOÿUVWUVÿI0'ÿQ)-2('ÿ+1ÿX%D,0+*+EDÿ
I+F/,ÿOÿUVWUYÿX%D,0+*+EDÿ)%ÿ)ÿZ)%/,ÿ)$.ÿ#FF*/'.ÿ[,/'$,'ÿ
Z*++3\%ÿOÿ#FF*Dÿ
]/11/,2*-DÿOÿ^'./23ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
_Bÿ ^+$/%3ÿ%2EE'%-%ÿ-0)-ÿ3/$.ÿ/%ÿH()/$ÿ̀&0'(')%ÿ.2)*/%3ÿ%2EE'%-%ÿ-0)-ÿ3/$.ÿ/$1*2'$,'%ÿ
H()/$4ÿ
Kÿ -(2'ÿ
Kÿ 1)*%'ÿ
ÿ
M@26ÿN72ÿ
#,,'%%/H/*/-DÿOÿP'DH+)(.ÿQ)G/E)-/+$ÿ
]/11/,2*-DÿOÿ^'./23ÿ
R')($/$EÿSHT',-/G'ÿOÿUVWUaÿX'(%F',-/G'%ÿ+$ÿZ'0)G/+2(ÿ
I+F/,ÿOÿUVWUbÿX%D,0+*+ED\%ÿc$-'**',-2)*ÿd++-%ÿ
Z*++3\%ÿOÿ#$)*De'ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
fBÿ I0'ÿ12$,-/+$)*/%3ÿ%,0++*ÿ+1ÿF%D,0+*+E/,)*ÿ-0+2E0-ÿ3).'ÿ2%'ÿ+1ÿ-0'ÿ-',0$/g2'ÿ,)**'.ÿ
/$-(+%F',-/+$ÿ-+ÿE)-0'(ÿh$+&*'.E'4ÿ
Kÿ -(2'ÿ
Kÿ 1)*%'ÿ
ÿ
M@26ÿN72ÿ
#,,'%%/H/*/-DÿOÿP'DH+)(.ÿQ)G/E)-/+$ÿ
R')($/$EÿSHT',-/G'ÿOÿUVWUaÿX'(%F',-/G'%ÿ+$ÿZ'0)G/+2(ÿ
I+F/,ÿOÿUVWUiÿj)(*Dÿ[,0++*%Oÿ[-(2,-2()*/%3ÿ)$.ÿk2$,-/+$)*/%3ÿ
Z*++3\%ÿOÿd'3'3H'(ÿ
]/11/,2*-DÿOÿj)%Dÿ
ÿ
ÿ!ÿ !ÿ
,ÿ
ÿ1234567683ÿ96 2ÿ ÿ74 62ÿ4ÿ 6ÿ3ÿ
122ÿ5ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
$%ÿ '())(*+ÿ,*+-.ÿ(.ÿ/-0-1*))2ÿ340.(5-1-5ÿ64ÿ7-ÿ40-ÿ48ÿ69-ÿ84:05-1.ÿ48ÿ69-ÿ.3944)ÿ48ÿ
;.2394)4/(3*)ÿ694:/96ÿ3*))-5ÿ8:036(40*)(.+<ÿ
=ÿ 61:-ÿ
=ÿ 8*).-ÿ
ÿ
?@26ÿA72ÿ
B33-..(7()(62ÿCÿD-274*15ÿE*F(/*6(40ÿ
G-*10(0/ÿH7I-36(F-ÿCÿJKLJMÿN-1.;-36(F-.ÿ40ÿO-9*F(4:1ÿ
P4;(3ÿCÿJKLJQÿR*1)2ÿS3944).CÿS61:36:1*)(.+ÿ*05ÿT:036(40*)(.+ÿ
O)44+U.ÿCÿV-+-+7-1ÿ
W(88(3:)62ÿCÿR*.2ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
X%ÿ P9-ÿ;14;40-06.ÿ48ÿ69-ÿ7-9*F(4:1*)ÿ;-1.;-36(F-ÿ48ÿ;.2394)4/2ÿ6-05ÿ64ÿ8*F4:1ÿ69-ÿ:.-ÿ48ÿ
5(1-36ÿ47.-1F*6(40ÿ4F-1ÿ1-*.40(0/ÿ*.ÿ*ÿ+-*0.ÿ48ÿ/*(0(0/ÿY04Z)-5/-<ÿ
=ÿ 61:-ÿ
=ÿ 8*).-ÿ
ÿ
?@26ÿA72ÿ
B33-..(7()(62ÿCÿD-274*15ÿE*F(/*6(40ÿ
G-*10(0/ÿH7I-36(F-ÿCÿJKLJMÿN-1.;-36(F-.ÿ40ÿO-9*F(4:1ÿ
O)44+U.ÿCÿV-+-+7-1ÿ
W(88(3:)62ÿCÿR*.2ÿ
P4;(3ÿCÿJKLKKÿP9-ÿO-9*F(4:1*)ÿN-1.;-36(F-CÿP9-ÿN4Z-1ÿ48ÿ69-ÿR0F(140+-06ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
[%ÿ P9-ÿ7-9*F(4:1*)ÿ;.2394)4/(3*)ÿ;-1.;-36(F-ÿ62;(3*))2ÿ4;-1*6-.ÿ*6ÿ69-ÿ-0F(140+-06*)ÿ)-F-)ÿ
48ÿ*0*)2.(.<ÿ
=ÿ 61:-ÿ
=ÿ 8*).-ÿ
ÿ
?@26ÿA72ÿ
B33-..(7()(62ÿCÿD-274*15ÿE*F(/*6(40ÿ
G-*10(0/ÿH7I-36(F-ÿCÿJKLJMÿN-1.;-36(F-.ÿ40ÿO-9*F(4:1ÿ
O)44+U.ÿCÿV-+-+7-1ÿ
W(88(3:)62ÿCÿR*.2ÿ
P4;(3ÿCÿJKLKKÿP9-ÿO-9*F(4:1*)ÿN-1.;-36(F-CÿP9-ÿN4Z-1ÿ48ÿ69-ÿR0F(140+-06ÿ
ÿ
ÿ!ÿ "ÿ
, ÿ
ÿ1234567683ÿ96 2ÿ ÿ74 62ÿ4ÿ 6ÿ3ÿ
122ÿ5ÿ
$ÿ &ÿ'()*)')+,ÿ-.ÿ*/0ÿ01-23*)-45(6ÿ577(-5'/ÿ)+ÿ*/5*ÿ)*ÿ725'0+ÿ*--ÿ,3'/ÿ0,7/5+)+ÿ-4ÿ'32*3(52ÿ
.5'*-(+8ÿ
9ÿ *(30ÿ
9ÿ .52+0ÿ
ÿ
;<26ÿ=72ÿ
&''0++)>)2)*6ÿ?ÿ@06>-5(AÿB51)C5*)-4ÿ
D05(4)4CÿE>F0'*)10ÿ?ÿGHIGJÿK0(+70'*)10+ÿ-4ÿL0/51)-3(ÿ
M)..)'32*6ÿ?ÿN5+6ÿ
O-7)'ÿ?ÿGHIHPÿO/0ÿL)-2-C)'52ÿK0(+70'*)10?ÿO/0ÿL(5)4QÿR040+Qÿ54AÿN1-23*)-4ÿ
L2--,S+ÿ?ÿT4A0(+*54Aÿ
ÿ
ÿ
U$ÿ O/0ÿ20102+I-.I54526+)+ÿ577(-5'/ÿ'-4+)A0(+ÿ*/0ÿ,-20'325(Qÿ>)-2-C)'52Qÿ54Aÿ041)(-4,04*52ÿ
70(+70'*)10+ÿV/04ÿ0W725)4)4Cÿ>0/51)-3(8ÿ
9ÿ *(30ÿ
9ÿ .52+0ÿ
ÿ
;<26ÿ=72ÿ
&''0++)>)2)*6ÿ?ÿ@06>-5(AÿB51)C5*)-4ÿ
M)..)'32*6ÿ?ÿX0A)3,ÿ
L2--,S+ÿ?ÿY0,0,>0(ÿ
D05(4)4CÿE>F0'*)10ÿ?ÿGHIGZÿT+)4CÿD0102+ÿ-.ÿ&4526+)+ÿ*-ÿ[4*0C(5*0ÿ*/0ÿK0(+70'*)10+ÿ
O-7)'ÿ?ÿGHIH\ÿT+)4CÿD0102+ÿ-.ÿ&4526+)+ÿ*-ÿ[4*0C(5*0ÿ*/0ÿK0(+70'*)10+ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
]$ÿ O/0ÿ*/(00ÿ),7-(*54*ÿC3)A02)40+ÿ.-(ÿ0..0'*)10ÿ*),0ÿ,545C0,04*ÿ5(0ÿ3+)4CÿV()**04ÿ
+'/0A320+Qÿ7()-()*)^)4CQÿ54Aÿ>(05_)4CÿA-V4ÿ25(C0ÿ*5+_+ÿ)4*-ÿ+,5220(ÿ-40+8ÿ
9ÿ *(30ÿ
9ÿ .52+0ÿ
ÿ
;<26ÿ=72ÿ
&''0++)>)2)*6ÿ?ÿ@06>-5(AÿB51)C5*)-4ÿ
L2--,S+ÿ?ÿY0,0,>0(ÿ
M)..)'32*6ÿ?ÿN5+6ÿ
D05(4)4CÿE>F0'*)10ÿ?ÿGHIG`ÿK+6'/-2-C6ÿO-A56ÿ
O-7)'ÿ?ÿGHIHaÿK+6'/-2-C6ÿO-A56ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
$ÿ K(0A)'*5>)2)*6ÿ-.ÿ*/0ÿ45*3(0ÿ-.ÿ>0/51)-3(ÿ-.ÿ70-720ÿ34A0(ÿ'0(*5)4ÿ'-4A)*)-4+ÿ)+ÿ4-*ÿ
'-4+)A0(0Aÿ5ÿ.-34A5*)-452ÿC-52ÿ-.ÿ7+6'/-2-C6bÿ
ÿ
ÿ!ÿ "ÿ