TEST BANK - American Government: Political Development and Institutional Change 12th Edition by Cal Jillson, All Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Latest Version

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SOLUTION MANUAL
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American Government: Political
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Development and Institutional Change
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12thEditionbyCalJillson,AllChapters1-16
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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1. Chapter 1 The Origins of American Political Principles
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2. Chapter 2 The Revolution and the Constitution
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3. Chapter 3 Federalism and American Political Development
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4. Chapter 4 Political Socialization and Public Opinion
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5. Chapter 5 The Mass Media and the Political Agenda
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6. Chapter 6 Interest Groups: The Politics of Influence
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7. Chapter 7 Political Parties: Winning the Right to Govern
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8. Chapter 8 Voting, Campaigns, and Elections
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9. Chapter 9 Congress: Partisanship, Polarization, and Gridlock
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10. Chapter 10 The President: Executive Power in a Separation of Powers Regime
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11. Chapter 11 Bureaucracy: Redesigning Government for the Twenty-First Century
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12. Chapter 12 The Federal Courts: Activism versus Restraint
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13. Chapter 13 Civil Liberties: Ordered Liberty in America
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14. Chapter 14 Civil Rights: Where Liberty and Equality Collide
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15. Chapter 15 Government, The Economy, and Domestic Policy
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16. Chapter 16 America’s Global Role in the Twenty-First Century
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Chapter 1 kj



THE ORIGINS OF AMERICAN POLITICAL PRINCIPLES
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FOCUS QUESTIONS
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Q1 What are the broad purposes of government?
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A1 The ancients believed the role of government and politics was to foster human
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excellence. However, it is imperative to remember that the Greeks and Romans
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believed the virtuous should rule according to natural law. Furthermore, valuesof
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equality and order would be served through a society based upon the rule
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oflaw to provide for the common good. In the Middle Ages, government was
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largely used to facilitate religion and maintained the need for the individual to
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live a proper life in the service of God. The role of government changed in the
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early sixteenth century by downplaying the role of religion while alternatively
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promoting the role of limited government to protect private property and
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individual rights.
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Q2 How should government be designed to achieve its purposes?
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A2 According to Plato the philosopher-king’s wisdom and intellect would promote
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order, stability and justice. Yet, Aristotle takes a more realistic view of Athenian
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k society by advocating the best form of government as a polity, which combined
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oligarchic and democratic elements to produce political stability. The Romans
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combined monarchical, aristocratic, and democratic principles as a mixed
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government within representative bodies like the Senate and the Assembly in
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order to champion the causes of both the rich and the poor. Government in
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theMiddle Ages was determined through divine right, whereby a monarch or Pope
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was ordained by God to rule. Hence, wisdom and virtue rested within these few
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individuals who governed to promote religious life and protect the religious
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k establishment. The Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, and Enlightenment
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Periods shifted the role of government from upholding religious doctrine to secular
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k concerns, such as protecting inalienable rights, including private property, and
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k promoting commerce. In turn, Enlightenment political
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© 2023 Taylor & Francis
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philosophers largely appealed to individualism and not religious hierarchy as kj kj kj kj kj kj kj kj kj



ameans to provide order and stability in which individuals could flourish.
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Q3 What lessons about government did colonial Americans draw from the history
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ofancient Greece and Rome?
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A3 Plato was suspicious of democracy’s rule of the many because good government
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k would decay into mob rule. Hence, the passions of the masses needed to be
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quelled by more aristocratic elements. With this problem in mind, the Framers
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ofthe U.S. Constitution referenced the institutional design of the Roman republic
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adhered to the tradition of mixed government initially expounded by Aristotle
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and the Romans. This was maintained in the indirect selection of both the
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Senateand the presidency within the Constitution. Aristotle also advocated mixing
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aristocratic and democratic elements in a governing structure called a polity. In
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effect, this governmental design allowed the few and the many to participate in
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the politics providing an orderly society where the poor should be able to select
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government officials who were held accountable. This was also made manifest
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inthe Constitution with its aristocratic-like Senate and the more democratic House
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of Representatives. Thus the American republic’s Constitution established
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institutional powers to govern according to the rule of law. While the Framers
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rejected the religious hierarchy of the Middle Ages, they appealed to inalienable
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rights endowed upon every individual by God, per the writings of John Locke, in
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which a just government and society could not be impeded.
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Q4 What circumstances led Europeans to leave their homelands to settle in America?
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A4 Individuals immigrated to the colonies to escape religious persecution and civilkj kj kj kj kj kj kj kj kj kj



unrest after the English Civil War and to pursue social and economic opportunities.
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Colonists enjoyed a vast array of natural resources and a large geographical
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area where freedom of religion and economic opportunity flourished. Also, their
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heterogeneous social composition as well as continual promotion of ideals, such as
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k equality and tolerance, tended to promote political freedom at the same time that
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k social expansion of the population was occurring.
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Q5 What did democracy mean to our colonial ancestors, and did they approve it?
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A5 The colonists were skeptical of democracy and viewed this type of governing
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authority as mob rule. Society was largely seen as segmented into those who
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should rule and those who should not. In fact, the Founders believed that the elite
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(well- educated, land owners) should occupy positions of leadership. Thus, an
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aristocratic element within government was necessary to protect against
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thethreat of mob rule historically associated with democracy. Fundamentally, the
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idea of republicanism was promoted as an ideal at a higher level than
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democracy. This was made most manifest in the tendency to prefer mixed
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© 2023 Taylor & Francis
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