NBCMI Written (2025) ACTUAL EXAM comprehensive questions and verified accurate solution
(Detailed & Elaborated) |get it 100% accurate!! 2025 TEST!!
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Doença do refluxo gastroesofágico - correct answer Severe "heartburn" in laymen's language.
Weakness of the valve between the esophagus and stomach may allow stomach acid to reflux
(regurgitate, backup) into the esophagus and irritate and inflame the lining. This results in chest
pain which can mimic that of angina (pain of cardiac ischemia or an MI).
Diverticulosis/diverticulitis - correct answer Small pouches may form along the walls of the
large intestine called diverticuli which if symptomatic, causing discomfort to the patient, is
called diverticulosis. These abnormal outpocketings may collect and not be able to empty fecal
material which can lead to inflammation, diverticulitis.
Portal hypertension - correct answer A potential complication of chronic alcoholism resulting in
liver damage and obstruction of venous blood flow through the liver. The rising blood pressure
in the veins between the gastrointestinal tract and liver causes engorgement of veins around
the umbilicus (navel). The characteristic radiating pattern of veins is called a "caput medusae"
(head of Medusa). Medusa was the "snake-haired lady" in Greek mythology.
Esophageal varices - correct answer bulging, engorged veins in the walls of the esophagus are
often a complication of chronic alcoholism (see portal hypertension). The thin-walled, swollen
veins are at risk of tearing resulting in severe, possibly fatal, bleeding.
Dysphagia - correct answer Difficulty swallowing. May be related to GERD (see above),
esophageal tumor or other causes.
Crohn's Disease - correct answer a chronic inflammatory disease primarily of the bowel. Typical
symptoms are abdominal pain, weight loss, diarrhea. There may also be rectal bleeding that can
lead to anemia. Special X-rays and tests are needed to differentiate Crohn's from other diseases
with similar symptoms.
Peritonitis - correct answer Inflammation of the lining of the abdominal cavity. Before
antibiotics, people would die from peritonitis if an inflamed appendix burst. Indications of
peritonitis are called "peritoneal signs": tender abdomen, rebound pain (pain when manual
pressure released from examining abdomen), board-like rigidity of abdominal muscles, no
bowel sounds (gurgles). The peritoneal membrane is very sensitive to exposure to foreign
substances. Contact with blood, bile, urine, pus will cause peritoneal signs.
Gastroenterologist - correct answer a physician specializing in diseases of the digestive system
including esophagus, stomach and intestines. These specialists do not do surgery. Patients
needing surgery are referred to a general surgeon.
Proctologist - correct answer a physician specializing in diseases of the rectum and anus.
Proctology is a surgical subspecialty.
Guaiac test (Hemoccult, Fecult) - correct answer special chemical test to identify blood in the
stool (feces). Blood in the stool may have many causes including cancer and hemorrhoids.
,NBCMI Written (2025) ACTUAL EXAM comprehensive questions and verified accurate solution
(Detailed & Elaborated) |get it 100% accurate!! 2025 TEST!!
Upper GI series - correct answer a series of X-rays of the esophagus and stomach and small
intestines having the patient swallow a "milkshake" of barium. The element barium is opaque,
i.e. blocks , X-rays. This procedure may be used to identify problems with swallowing, stomach
ulcers, twisting of the small intestines.
Lower GI series - correct answer a series of X-rays using a barium enema to show the large
intestine and rectum. This procedure can be used to identify problems such as
diverticulitis/diverticulosis, and tumors.
Endoscopy - correct answer use of a flexible fiberoptic instrument attached to a video camera
that can be used to directly visualize the esophagus, stomach and large bowel. Special names
may be used for each area explored such as colonoscopy
Ultrasonography (ultrasound) - correct answer a procedure using high frequency sound waves
to visualize internal organs. Primarily used to visualize abdominal and pelvic organs, such as the
pregnant uterus.
Rhin/o - correct answer Nose
Laryng/o - correct answer Larynx, "voice box"*
Trache/o - correct answer Trachea, "windpipe"
Bronch/o - correct answer Lung air passageways
Pne/u, -pnea - correct answer Breath, air, lung
Pulmo/o - correct answer Lung
-ptysis - correct answer Spitting (coughing)
-plasty - correct answer Reconstruction
Pneumoconiosis - correct answer iterally, "an abnormal condition of dust in the lungs." A
generic name for conditions where toxic particles become trapped in the lungs and cause
symptoms and disability such a "black lung" or "miner's lung" disease. Terms specific to the
particulate matter may be given such as asbestosis.
Epistaxis - correct answer nosebleed
Emphysema (COPD) - correct answer Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, of which
emphysema is one of, results in progressive destruction of the air sacs in the lungs and loss of
respiratory membrane for oxygen exchange. The bane of long term smokers.
Atelectasis - correct answer a collapsed lung
Nephr/o, ren/o - correct answer Kidney
Hydro/o - correct answer Water
,NBCMI Written (2025) ACTUAL EXAM comprehensive questions and verified accurate solution
(Detailed & Elaborated) |get it 100% accurate!! 2025 TEST!!
Cyst/o - correct answer Bladder
Pyel/o - correct answer Renal collecting ducts
Ur/o, -uria - correct answer Urine
Olig/o - correct answer Scanty, less than normal
-pexy - correct answer To surgically reattach, fix in normal position
Nephrosis - correct answer a noninflammatory disease of kidneys.
Nephrolith - correct answer a kidney stone.
Urethritis - correct answer inflammation of the urethra, the final pathway for urine in both
sexes, and the common pathway for urine and semen in the male.
Nocturia - correct answer frequently getting up and urinating during the night.
Enuresis - correct answer involuntary release of urine, most often in reference to "bedwetting."
Cystoscopy - correct answer looking into the urinary bladder with a fiberoptic instrument.
Intravenous pyelogram - correct answer special X-rays showing the drainage pattern of the
kidneys. A dye opaque to X-rays is injected into a vein. After a waiting period for the blood and
dye to pass through the kidneys, X-rays can be taken of the collecting system of the kidney,
ureter and bladder.
Retrograde pyelogram - correct answer In this procedure a dye opaque to X-rays is flushed
backwards up the urethra and bladder and up the ureters to the kidneys.
Voiding cystourethrogram - correct answer take this apart starting at the end of the word: an
imaging technique (X-ray) displaying the urethra and bladder while urinating! How did the
opaque dye get into the bladder? One guess then see retrograde pyelogram above.
Dialysis - correct answer a procedure for cleansing the blood of waste products in individuals
with complete kidney failure or who have had kidneys removed by surgery. With the in-hospital
procedure, the patient's blood is circulated through a machine that removes waste products.
The blood is recirculated back into the patien
Lithotripsy - correct answer Crushing kidney stones with sound waves. Unlike cholelithotripsy
(crushing of gallstones), which is no longer done, the sludge from crushing kidney stones has an
easy direct pathway out of the body (down the ureter to the bladder and out the urethra).
Nephrolithotripsy is an elective procedure that may spare a patient surgery.
Orchid/o, test/o - correct answer Testes
Balan/o - correct answer Head of the penis
, NBCMI Written (2025) ACTUAL EXAM comprehensive questions and verified accurate solution
(Detailed & Elaborated) |get it 100% accurate!! 2025 TEST!!
Andr/o - correct answer Male
Prostat/o - correct answer Prostate
Vas/o - correct answer Vessel, duct
-rrhaphy - correct answer To suture
Hypospadias - correct answer literally "below the fleshy spike." A condition in which the
external urinary meatus (opening) opens anywhere below the tip of the penis rather than at the
tip.
Hydrocele - correct answer fluid filled sac partially surrounding the testis. Manifests itself as a
swelling on the side of the scrotum. May cause discomfort. Can be surgically corrected. And,
who would most likely be doing the surgery? A urologist!
Varicocele - correct answer dilated and twisted veins of the testis, sort of "hemorrhoids" of the
scrotum! Manifests itself as a swelling on the side of the scrotum which may look and feel like a
"bag of worms." May be surgically corrected if causing discomfort. This condition may also
cause reduced sperm count and male sterility due to sluggish blood flow elevating testicular
temperature
Cryptorchidism - correct answer literally "hidden testicle." A condition of lack of descent of one
or both testes into the scrotum. If not corrected, usually by surgery, before puberty, can lead to
sterility and increased risk of testicular cance
Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) - correct answer swelling of the prostate gland which
surrounds the base of the male bladder and urethra causing difficulty urinating, dribbling, and
nocturia (remember that word? See urinary system). The bane of old men! BPH becomes more
common as men age.
Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) - correct answer the surgical cure for BPH. An
instrument inserted through the penile urethra is used to partially cut away the prostate to
relieve obstruction of the urinary tract.
Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) - correct answer PSA is a marker protein for prostate cell
secretions which can be detected with a lab test. A rising PSA may be an early sign of prostate
cancer, although there may be other causes including false positive tests.
Hymen - correct answer Membrane surrounding entrance of vagina
Aphrodisiac - correct answer A chemical purported to stimulate sexual desire
Venereal disease - correct answer A sexually transmitted infectious disease
Hermaphroditism - correct answer A condition where both ovarian and testicular tissue are
found in the same individual
(Detailed & Elaborated) |get it 100% accurate!! 2025 TEST!!
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Doença do refluxo gastroesofágico - correct answer Severe "heartburn" in laymen's language.
Weakness of the valve between the esophagus and stomach may allow stomach acid to reflux
(regurgitate, backup) into the esophagus and irritate and inflame the lining. This results in chest
pain which can mimic that of angina (pain of cardiac ischemia or an MI).
Diverticulosis/diverticulitis - correct answer Small pouches may form along the walls of the
large intestine called diverticuli which if symptomatic, causing discomfort to the patient, is
called diverticulosis. These abnormal outpocketings may collect and not be able to empty fecal
material which can lead to inflammation, diverticulitis.
Portal hypertension - correct answer A potential complication of chronic alcoholism resulting in
liver damage and obstruction of venous blood flow through the liver. The rising blood pressure
in the veins between the gastrointestinal tract and liver causes engorgement of veins around
the umbilicus (navel). The characteristic radiating pattern of veins is called a "caput medusae"
(head of Medusa). Medusa was the "snake-haired lady" in Greek mythology.
Esophageal varices - correct answer bulging, engorged veins in the walls of the esophagus are
often a complication of chronic alcoholism (see portal hypertension). The thin-walled, swollen
veins are at risk of tearing resulting in severe, possibly fatal, bleeding.
Dysphagia - correct answer Difficulty swallowing. May be related to GERD (see above),
esophageal tumor or other causes.
Crohn's Disease - correct answer a chronic inflammatory disease primarily of the bowel. Typical
symptoms are abdominal pain, weight loss, diarrhea. There may also be rectal bleeding that can
lead to anemia. Special X-rays and tests are needed to differentiate Crohn's from other diseases
with similar symptoms.
Peritonitis - correct answer Inflammation of the lining of the abdominal cavity. Before
antibiotics, people would die from peritonitis if an inflamed appendix burst. Indications of
peritonitis are called "peritoneal signs": tender abdomen, rebound pain (pain when manual
pressure released from examining abdomen), board-like rigidity of abdominal muscles, no
bowel sounds (gurgles). The peritoneal membrane is very sensitive to exposure to foreign
substances. Contact with blood, bile, urine, pus will cause peritoneal signs.
Gastroenterologist - correct answer a physician specializing in diseases of the digestive system
including esophagus, stomach and intestines. These specialists do not do surgery. Patients
needing surgery are referred to a general surgeon.
Proctologist - correct answer a physician specializing in diseases of the rectum and anus.
Proctology is a surgical subspecialty.
Guaiac test (Hemoccult, Fecult) - correct answer special chemical test to identify blood in the
stool (feces). Blood in the stool may have many causes including cancer and hemorrhoids.
,NBCMI Written (2025) ACTUAL EXAM comprehensive questions and verified accurate solution
(Detailed & Elaborated) |get it 100% accurate!! 2025 TEST!!
Upper GI series - correct answer a series of X-rays of the esophagus and stomach and small
intestines having the patient swallow a "milkshake" of barium. The element barium is opaque,
i.e. blocks , X-rays. This procedure may be used to identify problems with swallowing, stomach
ulcers, twisting of the small intestines.
Lower GI series - correct answer a series of X-rays using a barium enema to show the large
intestine and rectum. This procedure can be used to identify problems such as
diverticulitis/diverticulosis, and tumors.
Endoscopy - correct answer use of a flexible fiberoptic instrument attached to a video camera
that can be used to directly visualize the esophagus, stomach and large bowel. Special names
may be used for each area explored such as colonoscopy
Ultrasonography (ultrasound) - correct answer a procedure using high frequency sound waves
to visualize internal organs. Primarily used to visualize abdominal and pelvic organs, such as the
pregnant uterus.
Rhin/o - correct answer Nose
Laryng/o - correct answer Larynx, "voice box"*
Trache/o - correct answer Trachea, "windpipe"
Bronch/o - correct answer Lung air passageways
Pne/u, -pnea - correct answer Breath, air, lung
Pulmo/o - correct answer Lung
-ptysis - correct answer Spitting (coughing)
-plasty - correct answer Reconstruction
Pneumoconiosis - correct answer iterally, "an abnormal condition of dust in the lungs." A
generic name for conditions where toxic particles become trapped in the lungs and cause
symptoms and disability such a "black lung" or "miner's lung" disease. Terms specific to the
particulate matter may be given such as asbestosis.
Epistaxis - correct answer nosebleed
Emphysema (COPD) - correct answer Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, of which
emphysema is one of, results in progressive destruction of the air sacs in the lungs and loss of
respiratory membrane for oxygen exchange. The bane of long term smokers.
Atelectasis - correct answer a collapsed lung
Nephr/o, ren/o - correct answer Kidney
Hydro/o - correct answer Water
,NBCMI Written (2025) ACTUAL EXAM comprehensive questions and verified accurate solution
(Detailed & Elaborated) |get it 100% accurate!! 2025 TEST!!
Cyst/o - correct answer Bladder
Pyel/o - correct answer Renal collecting ducts
Ur/o, -uria - correct answer Urine
Olig/o - correct answer Scanty, less than normal
-pexy - correct answer To surgically reattach, fix in normal position
Nephrosis - correct answer a noninflammatory disease of kidneys.
Nephrolith - correct answer a kidney stone.
Urethritis - correct answer inflammation of the urethra, the final pathway for urine in both
sexes, and the common pathway for urine and semen in the male.
Nocturia - correct answer frequently getting up and urinating during the night.
Enuresis - correct answer involuntary release of urine, most often in reference to "bedwetting."
Cystoscopy - correct answer looking into the urinary bladder with a fiberoptic instrument.
Intravenous pyelogram - correct answer special X-rays showing the drainage pattern of the
kidneys. A dye opaque to X-rays is injected into a vein. After a waiting period for the blood and
dye to pass through the kidneys, X-rays can be taken of the collecting system of the kidney,
ureter and bladder.
Retrograde pyelogram - correct answer In this procedure a dye opaque to X-rays is flushed
backwards up the urethra and bladder and up the ureters to the kidneys.
Voiding cystourethrogram - correct answer take this apart starting at the end of the word: an
imaging technique (X-ray) displaying the urethra and bladder while urinating! How did the
opaque dye get into the bladder? One guess then see retrograde pyelogram above.
Dialysis - correct answer a procedure for cleansing the blood of waste products in individuals
with complete kidney failure or who have had kidneys removed by surgery. With the in-hospital
procedure, the patient's blood is circulated through a machine that removes waste products.
The blood is recirculated back into the patien
Lithotripsy - correct answer Crushing kidney stones with sound waves. Unlike cholelithotripsy
(crushing of gallstones), which is no longer done, the sludge from crushing kidney stones has an
easy direct pathway out of the body (down the ureter to the bladder and out the urethra).
Nephrolithotripsy is an elective procedure that may spare a patient surgery.
Orchid/o, test/o - correct answer Testes
Balan/o - correct answer Head of the penis
, NBCMI Written (2025) ACTUAL EXAM comprehensive questions and verified accurate solution
(Detailed & Elaborated) |get it 100% accurate!! 2025 TEST!!
Andr/o - correct answer Male
Prostat/o - correct answer Prostate
Vas/o - correct answer Vessel, duct
-rrhaphy - correct answer To suture
Hypospadias - correct answer literally "below the fleshy spike." A condition in which the
external urinary meatus (opening) opens anywhere below the tip of the penis rather than at the
tip.
Hydrocele - correct answer fluid filled sac partially surrounding the testis. Manifests itself as a
swelling on the side of the scrotum. May cause discomfort. Can be surgically corrected. And,
who would most likely be doing the surgery? A urologist!
Varicocele - correct answer dilated and twisted veins of the testis, sort of "hemorrhoids" of the
scrotum! Manifests itself as a swelling on the side of the scrotum which may look and feel like a
"bag of worms." May be surgically corrected if causing discomfort. This condition may also
cause reduced sperm count and male sterility due to sluggish blood flow elevating testicular
temperature
Cryptorchidism - correct answer literally "hidden testicle." A condition of lack of descent of one
or both testes into the scrotum. If not corrected, usually by surgery, before puberty, can lead to
sterility and increased risk of testicular cance
Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) - correct answer swelling of the prostate gland which
surrounds the base of the male bladder and urethra causing difficulty urinating, dribbling, and
nocturia (remember that word? See urinary system). The bane of old men! BPH becomes more
common as men age.
Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) - correct answer the surgical cure for BPH. An
instrument inserted through the penile urethra is used to partially cut away the prostate to
relieve obstruction of the urinary tract.
Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) - correct answer PSA is a marker protein for prostate cell
secretions which can be detected with a lab test. A rising PSA may be an early sign of prostate
cancer, although there may be other causes including false positive tests.
Hymen - correct answer Membrane surrounding entrance of vagina
Aphrodisiac - correct answer A chemical purported to stimulate sexual desire
Venereal disease - correct answer A sexually transmitted infectious disease
Hermaphroditism - correct answer A condition where both ovarian and testicular tissue are
found in the same individual
