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PathophysiologyyExamy1
Pathophysiologyy=ytheystudyyofydiseaseyatytheycellularylevel
Chaptery1yTheyCellyinyHealthyandyIllness
1. MitochondriayandyEnergyyProduction
a. Aerobicy metabolism
i. Glucoseytoypyruvate, ywhichyentersyKrebsycycle
ii. Netyyield:y34yATP
b. Anaerobicy metabolism
i. Oxygenynotyavailabley(hypoxia)
ii. Glucoseytoypyruvateytoylacticyacidy(canyalterypH)
iii. Netyyield:y2yATP
c.
Chaptery2y-yCellyInjury,yAdaptations,yandyMaladaptiveyChanges
1. DiseaseyEtiology
a. Etiology
i. Originalycauseyofycellyalterationyorydisease
b. Etiologicyagents
i. Causes yofytheycellyalterationyorydisease
ii. Examples:yinfection, y trauma
c. Characteristic ychangesywithyspecificyetiologicyagents
i. Examples:
1. Coldytemperatureycauses yfrostbite
2. Streptococcalybacteriaycauses ysoreythroat
d. Inyresponseytoyanyetiologicyagent,ytheycellymay…
i. Developyadaptive,ycompensatoryy changes
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ii. Developy maladaptiveychanges
2. BasicyCellularyAdaptations
a. Atrophy
i. Cells yrevertytoysmallerysizeydueytoyreductionyinymetabolicydemand
ii. Example:
1. paralysisycausingyshrinkageyofyskeletaly muscle
2. Brokenyarm,yatrophyyoccurs ybcydisuse
b. Hypertrophy
i. Increase yinyindividualycellymassyorysize
ii. Types yofyhypertrophy
1. Physiological
a. Cellyenlargementywithyadequateysupportingytissues
b. Example:yenlargementyofycardiacycellsywithyexercis
ey training
2. Pathological
a. Increaseyinycellysize, ywithoutyincreaseyinysupportystructures
b. Example:yenlargementyofyheartytissueydueyto yhypertension
c. Hypertrophyyand yAtrophyyExamples
i.
ii.
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iii.
d. Hyperplasia
i. Increase yinynumberyofycells
ii. Onlyyinycellsycapableyofymitosis
iii. Canyresultyfromyhormonalystimulation
1. Example:yestrogenystimulates ygrowthyofybreastycellsyinypregnancy
iv. Mayyevolveyintoy maladaptiveycompensation
1. Cellynumberyincreasesytoo ymuch
2. Example:ykeloidyformation
a.
e. Metaplasia
i. Replacementyofyoneycellytypeywithyanother
ii. Geneticyreprogrammingytoyensureycellysurvival
iii. Example:yGERD
1. Loweryesophagealycellsytransformyfromysquamousyepitheliumyt
oy columnarystomach-likeycells
2
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iv.
f. Dysplasia
i. Dysy=yBAD
ii. Derangedycellularygrowth
iii. Oftenyayresultyofychronicyinflammationyoryayprecancerous ycondition
iv. Cells yvaryyinysize,yshape,yandyorganizationycomparedywithynormal
v. Example:ycervicalydysplasiaydetectedybyyPapanicolaouy(Pap)ytesty(theyyar
ey lookingyforydysplasticycellsybcythatycouldysuggestycancer)
vi.
vii.
g. Neoplasia
i. <Newygrowth=
ii. Disorganized, yuncoordinated, y uncontrolledycelly growth,y<cancerous=
iii. Neoplasm:yoftenyinterchangedywithytheytermy<tumor=
3
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PathophysiologyyExamy1
Pathophysiologyy=ytheystudyyofydiseaseyatytheycellularylevel
Chaptery1yTheyCellyinyHealthyandyIllness
1. MitochondriayandyEnergyyProduction
a. Aerobicy metabolism
i. Glucoseytoypyruvate, ywhichyentersyKrebsycycle
ii. Netyyield:y34yATP
b. Anaerobicy metabolism
i. Oxygenynotyavailabley(hypoxia)
ii. Glucoseytoypyruvateytoylacticyacidy(canyalterypH)
iii. Netyyield:y2yATP
c.
Chaptery2y-yCellyInjury,yAdaptations,yandyMaladaptiveyChanges
1. DiseaseyEtiology
a. Etiology
i. Originalycauseyofycellyalterationyorydisease
b. Etiologicyagents
i. Causes yofytheycellyalterationyorydisease
ii. Examples:yinfection, y trauma
c. Characteristic ychangesywithyspecificyetiologicyagents
i. Examples:
1. Coldytemperatureycauses yfrostbite
2. Streptococcalybacteriaycauses ysoreythroat
d. Inyresponseytoyanyetiologicyagent,ytheycellymay…
i. Developyadaptive,ycompensatoryy changes
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ii. Developy maladaptiveychanges
2. BasicyCellularyAdaptations
a. Atrophy
i. Cells yrevertytoysmallerysizeydueytoyreductionyinymetabolicydemand
ii. Example:
1. paralysisycausingyshrinkageyofyskeletaly muscle
2. Brokenyarm,yatrophyyoccurs ybcydisuse
b. Hypertrophy
i. Increase yinyindividualycellymassyorysize
ii. Types yofyhypertrophy
1. Physiological
a. Cellyenlargementywithyadequateysupportingytissues
b. Example:yenlargementyofycardiacycellsywithyexercis
ey training
2. Pathological
a. Increaseyinycellysize, ywithoutyincreaseyinysupportystructures
b. Example:yenlargementyofyheartytissueydueyto yhypertension
c. Hypertrophyyand yAtrophyyExamples
i.
ii.
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iii.
d. Hyperplasia
i. Increase yinynumberyofycells
ii. Onlyyinycellsycapableyofymitosis
iii. Canyresultyfromyhormonalystimulation
1. Example:yestrogenystimulates ygrowthyofybreastycellsyinypregnancy
iv. Mayyevolveyintoy maladaptiveycompensation
1. Cellynumberyincreasesytoo ymuch
2. Example:ykeloidyformation
a.
e. Metaplasia
i. Replacementyofyoneycellytypeywithyanother
ii. Geneticyreprogrammingytoyensureycellysurvival
iii. Example:yGERD
1. Loweryesophagealycellsytransformyfromysquamousyepitheliumyt
oy columnarystomach-likeycells
2
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iv.
f. Dysplasia
i. Dysy=yBAD
ii. Derangedycellularygrowth
iii. Oftenyayresultyofychronicyinflammationyoryayprecancerous ycondition
iv. Cells yvaryyinysize,yshape,yandyorganizationycomparedywithynormal
v. Example:ycervicalydysplasiaydetectedybyyPapanicolaouy(Pap)ytesty(theyyar
ey lookingyforydysplasticycellsybcythatycouldysuggestycancer)
vi.
vii.
g. Neoplasia
i. <Newygrowth=
ii. Disorganized, yuncoordinated, y uncontrolledycelly growth,y<cancerous=
iii. Neoplasm:yoftenyinterchangedywithytheytermy<tumor=
3
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