Modern CNS
Summary
Aviation Academy
—
Faculty of Technology
—
Amsterdam University of Applied
Sciences
,Content
INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 7
Communication..................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Navigation............................................................................................................................................................................. 7
Surveillance ........................................................................................................................................................................... 7
WEEK 1 ...................................................................................................................................................... 8
LECTURE 1.1 BASIC NAV 1 ............................................................................................................................................................ 8
The cardinal points ............................................................................................................................................................... 8
The Earth Graticule .............................................................................................................................................................. 8
Coordinates ........................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Position Notations ................................................................................................................................................................ 8
Jeppesen Map ....................................................................................................................................................................... 9
E/W Distance between Meridians ....................................................................................................................................... 9
Great circle distance ............................................................................................................................................................. 9
Units of measurement .......................................................................................................................................................... 9
Direction ................................................................................................................................................................................ 9
Triangle of Velocities ............................................................................................................................................................ 9
READER ALTITUDE ..................................................................................................................................................................... 10
READER DISTANCE ..................................................................................................................................................................... 12
READER HEADING TRACK .......................................................................................................................................................... 14
READER LONGITUDE LATITUDE ................................................................................................................................................. 18
READER TIME ............................................................................................................................................................................ 19
READER WIND TRIANGLE .......................................................................................................................................................... 20
READER RADIO NAVIGATION ..................................................................................................................................................... 24
READER INERTIAL NAVIGATION ................................................................................................................................................. 26
WORKSHOP 1.............................................................................................................................................................................. 30
1. NAV Discussion 25min in groups of 4 students ............................................................................................................ 30
2. Lateral Position (ICAO WGS84) .................................................................................................................................... 31
3. GC Distance ..................................................................................................................................................................... 32
4. Navigation angles: ......................................................................................................................................................... 33
5. Triangle of Velocities: (need to read Reader for Triangle of Velocities) .................................................................... 34
6. Time (UTC and Local Time)........................................................................................................................................... 36
7. Height, ALT, FL ............................................................................................................................................................... 37
LECTURE 1.2 BASIC NAV 2 ......................................................................................................................................................... 38
Inertial Navigation ............................................................................................................................................................. 38
Satellite Navigation GPS .................................................................................................................................................... 38
FL, ALT, Height ................................................................................................................................................................... 38
Pressure and True............................................................................................................................................................... 38
Time ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 39
WEEK 2 .................................................................................................................................................... 39
INFORMATION PRIOR TO LECTURE .............................................................................................................................................. 39
Global Navigation Satellite System for Dummies: The Basics About GNSS ................................................................. 39
LECTURE 2.1 GNSS PRINCIPLES................................................................................................................................................. 41
History of GPS .................................................................................................................................................................... 41
Selective Availability (S/A) ................................................................................................................................................ 42
GPS Segments ..................................................................................................................................................................... 42
GPS Space Segment ............................................................................................................................................................ 42
GPS Control Segment ......................................................................................................................................................... 43
GPS User Segment .............................................................................................................................................................. 44
How many satellites for proper operation? ..................................................................................................................... 44
Integrity monitoring .......................................................................................................................................................... 45
GPS Signal ........................................................................................................................................................................... 46
GPS Signal Content............................................................................................................................................................. 47
NAV Data ............................................................................................................................................................................ 48
Other GNSS Providers ........................................................................................................................................................ 49
Error Sources ...................................................................................................................................................................... 49
Position Errors .................................................................................................................................................................... 50
Modern CNS summary PAGINA 2
, Dilution of Precision ............................................................................................................................................................51
DOP ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 52
GPS Performance Characteristics ..................................................................................................................................... 52
Required NAV En-route Performance (RNP) ................................................................................................................... 53
Total System Error (TSE) .................................................................................................................................................. 53
Signal Jamming / Signal Spoofing ................................................................................................................................... 54
GNSS Advantage ................................................................................................................................................................ 54
WORKSHOP 2 ............................................................................................................................................................................. 55
GNSS principles: Exercises ................................................................................................................................................ 55
Question to look up after the workshop ............................................................................................................................ 60
Study Cases ......................................................................................................................................................................... 62
LECTURE 2.2 GNSS AUGMENTED SYSTEMS ............................................................................................................................... 64
GNSS Error Correction Principle ...................................................................................................................................... 64
DGPS (Differential Global Positioning System) ............................................................................................................... 64
Real-time DGPS .................................................................................................................................................................. 64
Augmentation Systems ...................................................................................................................................................... 65
Ground-Based Augmentation System (GBAS) ................................................................................................................. 65
GBAS Approach .................................................................................................................................................................. 66
Space-Based Augmentation System (SBAS)..................................................................................................................... 66
US WAAS ............................................................................................................................................................................. 67
EGNOS factsheet ................................................................................................................................................................. 67
GNSS Providers .................................................................................................................................................................. 68
D(GPS) in the Aircraft ........................................................................................................................................................ 70
Future of GNSS ................................................................................................................................................................... 70
WEEK 3 .....................................................................................................................................................70
LECTURE 3 SURV POSITION ........................................................................................................................................................ 70
Need to detect and track aircraft position ......................................................................................................................... 71
Radar Limitations ............................................................................................................................................................... 71
Means to Improve Tracking ............................................................................................................................................... 71
Multilateration.................................................................................................................................................................... 72
MLAT – How It Works ....................................................................................................................................................... 72
MLAT (PROS and CONS) ................................................................................................................................................... 73
MLAT Applications ............................................................................................................................................................. 73
MLAT / Local Area ............................................................................................................................................................. 73
WAM .................................................................................................................................................................................... 74
Automatic Dependent Surveillance (ADS) ........................................................................................................................ 74
ADS-Contract (ADS-C) ....................................................................................................................................................... 74
ADS-C / 4 Contract Types .................................................................................................................................................. 75
ADS-C / Reports ................................................................................................................................................................. 76
ADS-Broadcast (ADS-B) .................................................................................................................................................... 76
FAA 2020 ADS-B Mandate ................................................................................................................................................ 77
ADS-B for ATC .................................................................................................................................................................... 77
ADS-B / Accurate position onboard .................................................................................................................................. 78
ADS-B / Ground Receivers ................................................................................................................................................ 78
ADS-B / Reports ................................................................................................................................................................. 78
ADS-B / Separations .......................................................................................................................................................... 79
ADS-B / Systems ................................................................................................................................................................. 79
ADS-B Where Can We Use It? ...........................................................................................................................................80
FAA Solution – UAT ...........................................................................................................................................................80
ADS-B vs ADS-C..................................................................................................................................................................80
Electronic Conspicuity........................................................................................................................................................80
WORKSHOP 3 ............................................................................................................................................................................. 81
Questions on ADS-B: .......................................................................................................................................................... 81
WEEK 4 .................................................................................................................................................... 84
LECTURE 4.1 COMM SYSTEMS PART I ......................................................................................................................................... 84
Communication Definition in CNS .................................................................................................................................... 84
Communication Applications ............................................................................................................................................ 84
Cockpit Applications ........................................................................................................................................................... 84
ICAO ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 84
Radio Telephony (R/T) problems ...................................................................................................................................... 85
Modern CNS summary PAGINA 3
, Cabin Communication Applications ................................................................................................................................. 85
Maintenance Applications ................................................................................................................................................. 85
Airline Data Collection and Editing Systems ................................................................................................................... 85
OCC Applications ................................................................................................................................................................ 86
SUR ATM Applications....................................................................................................................................................... 86
Radio Communication channels ........................................................................................................................................ 86
SATCOM Providers ............................................................................................................................................................. 86
VOIP = Packet Switching ................................................................................................................................................... 87
SATVOICE (VOIP) .............................................................................................................................................................. 87
READER ACARS ........................................................................................................................................................................ 88
WORKSHOP 4 ............................................................................................................................................................................. 90
Questions COM general: .................................................................................................................................................... 90
Questions SELCAL .............................................................................................................................................................. 93
Questions ACARS ................................................................................................................................................................ 94
Questions CPDLC ................................................................................................................................................................ 96
Questions SWIM ................................................................................................................................................................. 98
Questions VoIP .................................................................................................................................................................... 99
Questions Gate Link ............................................................................................................................................................ 99
LECTURE 4.2 COMM SYSTEMS PART II ..................................................................................................................................... 100
SELCAL .............................................................................................................................................................................. 100
Message Routing Through A Network Message Switching .......................................................................................... 100
Datalink Components ....................................................................................................................................................... 100
ADS-B, ADS-C, CPDLC (Differences and Similarities) .................................................................................................. 100
ACARS ............................................................................................................................................................................... 100
ACARS Components ..........................................................................................................................................................101
POOI ...................................................................................................................................................................................101
CPDLC (ACARS) ................................................................................................................................................................101
WiFi.....................................................................................................................................................................................101
ICAO SWIM ........................................................................................................................................................................101
WEEK 5 ................................................................................................................................................... 101
LECTURE 5.1 SURV ANTI-COLLISION .........................................................................................................................................101
Avionics overview ..............................................................................................................................................................101
TCAS envelope and Annunciations ................................................................................................................................. 102
TCAS Development 7.0 vs 7.1 ........................................................................................................................................... 102
READER TCAS ......................................................................................................................................................................... 103
READER EGPWS ..................................................................................................................................................................... 106
WORKSHOP 5 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 108
Avoiding terrain - (E)GPWS: .......................................................................................................................................... 108
Avoiding traffic – TCAS II: ............................................................................................................................................... 112
LECTURE 5.2 SURV ANTI-COLLISION......................................................................................................................................... 116
Terrain Awareness and Warning System (TAWS) ......................................................................................................... 116
Input and Output (E)GPWS .............................................................................................................................................. 116
GPWS + EGPWS, Operating Modes ................................................................................................................................. 116
EGPWS 6 functions: .......................................................................................................................................................... 117
EGPWS ............................................................................................................................................................................... 117
WEEK 6 .................................................................................................................................................... 117
LECTURE 6.1 ATM .................................................................................................................................................................... 117
Objective ANSP .................................................................................................................................................................. 117
Operational Flight phases ................................................................................................................................................. 117
Air Navigation Services (ANS) ......................................................................................................................................... 118
Tasks overview ANSP ........................................................................................................................................................ 118
ATC-PSR/SSR Radars ....................................................................................................................................................... 118
Air Traffic Management (ATM) ....................................................................................................................................... 118
ATS Flight Plan Submit Requirement .............................................................................................................................. 119
Surveillance Systems ......................................................................................................................................................... 119
Transponder ...................................................................................................................................................................... 119
Mode of operation of ATC transponders ........................................................................................................................ 120
Transponder Mode-S........................................................................................................................................................ 120
Elementary Surveillance (ELS) ....................................................................................................................................... 120
Enhanced Surveillance (EHS) ......................................................................................................................................... 120
Modern CNS summary PAGINA 4
Summary
Aviation Academy
—
Faculty of Technology
—
Amsterdam University of Applied
Sciences
,Content
INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 7
Communication..................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Navigation............................................................................................................................................................................. 7
Surveillance ........................................................................................................................................................................... 7
WEEK 1 ...................................................................................................................................................... 8
LECTURE 1.1 BASIC NAV 1 ............................................................................................................................................................ 8
The cardinal points ............................................................................................................................................................... 8
The Earth Graticule .............................................................................................................................................................. 8
Coordinates ........................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Position Notations ................................................................................................................................................................ 8
Jeppesen Map ....................................................................................................................................................................... 9
E/W Distance between Meridians ....................................................................................................................................... 9
Great circle distance ............................................................................................................................................................. 9
Units of measurement .......................................................................................................................................................... 9
Direction ................................................................................................................................................................................ 9
Triangle of Velocities ............................................................................................................................................................ 9
READER ALTITUDE ..................................................................................................................................................................... 10
READER DISTANCE ..................................................................................................................................................................... 12
READER HEADING TRACK .......................................................................................................................................................... 14
READER LONGITUDE LATITUDE ................................................................................................................................................. 18
READER TIME ............................................................................................................................................................................ 19
READER WIND TRIANGLE .......................................................................................................................................................... 20
READER RADIO NAVIGATION ..................................................................................................................................................... 24
READER INERTIAL NAVIGATION ................................................................................................................................................. 26
WORKSHOP 1.............................................................................................................................................................................. 30
1. NAV Discussion 25min in groups of 4 students ............................................................................................................ 30
2. Lateral Position (ICAO WGS84) .................................................................................................................................... 31
3. GC Distance ..................................................................................................................................................................... 32
4. Navigation angles: ......................................................................................................................................................... 33
5. Triangle of Velocities: (need to read Reader for Triangle of Velocities) .................................................................... 34
6. Time (UTC and Local Time)........................................................................................................................................... 36
7. Height, ALT, FL ............................................................................................................................................................... 37
LECTURE 1.2 BASIC NAV 2 ......................................................................................................................................................... 38
Inertial Navigation ............................................................................................................................................................. 38
Satellite Navigation GPS .................................................................................................................................................... 38
FL, ALT, Height ................................................................................................................................................................... 38
Pressure and True............................................................................................................................................................... 38
Time ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 39
WEEK 2 .................................................................................................................................................... 39
INFORMATION PRIOR TO LECTURE .............................................................................................................................................. 39
Global Navigation Satellite System for Dummies: The Basics About GNSS ................................................................. 39
LECTURE 2.1 GNSS PRINCIPLES................................................................................................................................................. 41
History of GPS .................................................................................................................................................................... 41
Selective Availability (S/A) ................................................................................................................................................ 42
GPS Segments ..................................................................................................................................................................... 42
GPS Space Segment ............................................................................................................................................................ 42
GPS Control Segment ......................................................................................................................................................... 43
GPS User Segment .............................................................................................................................................................. 44
How many satellites for proper operation? ..................................................................................................................... 44
Integrity monitoring .......................................................................................................................................................... 45
GPS Signal ........................................................................................................................................................................... 46
GPS Signal Content............................................................................................................................................................. 47
NAV Data ............................................................................................................................................................................ 48
Other GNSS Providers ........................................................................................................................................................ 49
Error Sources ...................................................................................................................................................................... 49
Position Errors .................................................................................................................................................................... 50
Modern CNS summary PAGINA 2
, Dilution of Precision ............................................................................................................................................................51
DOP ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 52
GPS Performance Characteristics ..................................................................................................................................... 52
Required NAV En-route Performance (RNP) ................................................................................................................... 53
Total System Error (TSE) .................................................................................................................................................. 53
Signal Jamming / Signal Spoofing ................................................................................................................................... 54
GNSS Advantage ................................................................................................................................................................ 54
WORKSHOP 2 ............................................................................................................................................................................. 55
GNSS principles: Exercises ................................................................................................................................................ 55
Question to look up after the workshop ............................................................................................................................ 60
Study Cases ......................................................................................................................................................................... 62
LECTURE 2.2 GNSS AUGMENTED SYSTEMS ............................................................................................................................... 64
GNSS Error Correction Principle ...................................................................................................................................... 64
DGPS (Differential Global Positioning System) ............................................................................................................... 64
Real-time DGPS .................................................................................................................................................................. 64
Augmentation Systems ...................................................................................................................................................... 65
Ground-Based Augmentation System (GBAS) ................................................................................................................. 65
GBAS Approach .................................................................................................................................................................. 66
Space-Based Augmentation System (SBAS)..................................................................................................................... 66
US WAAS ............................................................................................................................................................................. 67
EGNOS factsheet ................................................................................................................................................................. 67
GNSS Providers .................................................................................................................................................................. 68
D(GPS) in the Aircraft ........................................................................................................................................................ 70
Future of GNSS ................................................................................................................................................................... 70
WEEK 3 .....................................................................................................................................................70
LECTURE 3 SURV POSITION ........................................................................................................................................................ 70
Need to detect and track aircraft position ......................................................................................................................... 71
Radar Limitations ............................................................................................................................................................... 71
Means to Improve Tracking ............................................................................................................................................... 71
Multilateration.................................................................................................................................................................... 72
MLAT – How It Works ....................................................................................................................................................... 72
MLAT (PROS and CONS) ................................................................................................................................................... 73
MLAT Applications ............................................................................................................................................................. 73
MLAT / Local Area ............................................................................................................................................................. 73
WAM .................................................................................................................................................................................... 74
Automatic Dependent Surveillance (ADS) ........................................................................................................................ 74
ADS-Contract (ADS-C) ....................................................................................................................................................... 74
ADS-C / 4 Contract Types .................................................................................................................................................. 75
ADS-C / Reports ................................................................................................................................................................. 76
ADS-Broadcast (ADS-B) .................................................................................................................................................... 76
FAA 2020 ADS-B Mandate ................................................................................................................................................ 77
ADS-B for ATC .................................................................................................................................................................... 77
ADS-B / Accurate position onboard .................................................................................................................................. 78
ADS-B / Ground Receivers ................................................................................................................................................ 78
ADS-B / Reports ................................................................................................................................................................. 78
ADS-B / Separations .......................................................................................................................................................... 79
ADS-B / Systems ................................................................................................................................................................. 79
ADS-B Where Can We Use It? ...........................................................................................................................................80
FAA Solution – UAT ...........................................................................................................................................................80
ADS-B vs ADS-C..................................................................................................................................................................80
Electronic Conspicuity........................................................................................................................................................80
WORKSHOP 3 ............................................................................................................................................................................. 81
Questions on ADS-B: .......................................................................................................................................................... 81
WEEK 4 .................................................................................................................................................... 84
LECTURE 4.1 COMM SYSTEMS PART I ......................................................................................................................................... 84
Communication Definition in CNS .................................................................................................................................... 84
Communication Applications ............................................................................................................................................ 84
Cockpit Applications ........................................................................................................................................................... 84
ICAO ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 84
Radio Telephony (R/T) problems ...................................................................................................................................... 85
Modern CNS summary PAGINA 3
, Cabin Communication Applications ................................................................................................................................. 85
Maintenance Applications ................................................................................................................................................. 85
Airline Data Collection and Editing Systems ................................................................................................................... 85
OCC Applications ................................................................................................................................................................ 86
SUR ATM Applications....................................................................................................................................................... 86
Radio Communication channels ........................................................................................................................................ 86
SATCOM Providers ............................................................................................................................................................. 86
VOIP = Packet Switching ................................................................................................................................................... 87
SATVOICE (VOIP) .............................................................................................................................................................. 87
READER ACARS ........................................................................................................................................................................ 88
WORKSHOP 4 ............................................................................................................................................................................. 90
Questions COM general: .................................................................................................................................................... 90
Questions SELCAL .............................................................................................................................................................. 93
Questions ACARS ................................................................................................................................................................ 94
Questions CPDLC ................................................................................................................................................................ 96
Questions SWIM ................................................................................................................................................................. 98
Questions VoIP .................................................................................................................................................................... 99
Questions Gate Link ............................................................................................................................................................ 99
LECTURE 4.2 COMM SYSTEMS PART II ..................................................................................................................................... 100
SELCAL .............................................................................................................................................................................. 100
Message Routing Through A Network Message Switching .......................................................................................... 100
Datalink Components ....................................................................................................................................................... 100
ADS-B, ADS-C, CPDLC (Differences and Similarities) .................................................................................................. 100
ACARS ............................................................................................................................................................................... 100
ACARS Components ..........................................................................................................................................................101
POOI ...................................................................................................................................................................................101
CPDLC (ACARS) ................................................................................................................................................................101
WiFi.....................................................................................................................................................................................101
ICAO SWIM ........................................................................................................................................................................101
WEEK 5 ................................................................................................................................................... 101
LECTURE 5.1 SURV ANTI-COLLISION .........................................................................................................................................101
Avionics overview ..............................................................................................................................................................101
TCAS envelope and Annunciations ................................................................................................................................. 102
TCAS Development 7.0 vs 7.1 ........................................................................................................................................... 102
READER TCAS ......................................................................................................................................................................... 103
READER EGPWS ..................................................................................................................................................................... 106
WORKSHOP 5 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 108
Avoiding terrain - (E)GPWS: .......................................................................................................................................... 108
Avoiding traffic – TCAS II: ............................................................................................................................................... 112
LECTURE 5.2 SURV ANTI-COLLISION......................................................................................................................................... 116
Terrain Awareness and Warning System (TAWS) ......................................................................................................... 116
Input and Output (E)GPWS .............................................................................................................................................. 116
GPWS + EGPWS, Operating Modes ................................................................................................................................. 116
EGPWS 6 functions: .......................................................................................................................................................... 117
EGPWS ............................................................................................................................................................................... 117
WEEK 6 .................................................................................................................................................... 117
LECTURE 6.1 ATM .................................................................................................................................................................... 117
Objective ANSP .................................................................................................................................................................. 117
Operational Flight phases ................................................................................................................................................. 117
Air Navigation Services (ANS) ......................................................................................................................................... 118
Tasks overview ANSP ........................................................................................................................................................ 118
ATC-PSR/SSR Radars ....................................................................................................................................................... 118
Air Traffic Management (ATM) ....................................................................................................................................... 118
ATS Flight Plan Submit Requirement .............................................................................................................................. 119
Surveillance Systems ......................................................................................................................................................... 119
Transponder ...................................................................................................................................................................... 119
Mode of operation of ATC transponders ........................................................................................................................ 120
Transponder Mode-S........................................................................................................................................................ 120
Elementary Surveillance (ELS) ....................................................................................................................................... 120
Enhanced Surveillance (EHS) ......................................................................................................................................... 120
Modern CNS summary PAGINA 4
