,Chapter 01: Intake: Gastrointestinal Digestion, Absorption, and Excretion of Nutrients
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
Raymond: Krause and Mahan’s Food and the Nutrition Care Process, 16th Edition
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
MULTIPLE CHOICE xz
1. Pepsinogen is converted to pepsin when it comes in contact with xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
a. enterokinase.
b. trypsinogen.
c. hydrochloric acid. xz
d. peptidases.
ANS: x z C
Pepsinogen is secreted in the stomach and converted to its active form by the acid
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
environment of the stomach. Enterokinase is secreted by the brush border of the small
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
intestine in response to the presence of chyme. Trypsinogen is secreted by the pancreas and
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
activated by enterokinase. Various peptidases are secreted by the either brush border or the
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
pancreas.
xz
2. Which of the following is formed by bacterial synthesis in the colon?
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
a. Vitamin K xz
b. Vitamin D xz
c. Vitamin B6 xz
d. Niacin
ANS: x z A
Colonic bacteria produce vitamin K, vitamin B12, thiamin, and riboflavin. Vitamin D may be
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
metabolized by exposure of precursor vitamin D in the skin to ultraviolet light. The human
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
body can synthesize niacin from the amino acid tryptophan. Vitamin B6 must be obtained
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
from dietary sources such as meats, whole grains, vegetables, and nuts.
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
3. After surgical removal of a large portion of the small intestine, what functional complication
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
is most likely to develop?
xz xz xz xz xz
a. Changes in dietary habits xz xz xz
b. Impaired digestion xz
c. Loss of absorptive tissue xz xz xz
d. Elimination of dietary residue xz xz xz
ANS: x z C
The small intestine is the primary site of nutrient absorption because of its large absorption
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
surface area. Secretions from the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas can still contribute to
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
digestion of intestinal contents. However, decreased absorption of nutrients and food
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
components may result in more intestinal remains and residue. A patient may change dietary
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
habits as a result of gastrointestinal discomfort experienced after intestinal resection, but this
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
is not a functional complication.
xz xz xz xz xz
4. The sight or smell of food produces vagal stimulation of the parietal cells of the
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
gastric mucosa, resulting in the increased production of what?
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
a. Motilin
b. Gastrin
c. Cholecystokinin
, d. Secretin
ANS: x z B
Parasympathetic innervation that causes secretion of gastrin and release of hydrochloric acid
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
helps prepare the stomach for the potential of receiving food. After food chyme is passed
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
into the small intestine from the stomach, secretin and cholecystokinin are secreted to
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
stimulate pancreatic secretion of water and bicarbonate. They also signal gallbladder
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
contractions and colonic motility, all resulting in reductions in stomach emptying and
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
duodenal motility.
xz xz
Motilin is secreted from the duodenal mucosa during fasting to stimulate gastric emptying and
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
intestinal motility.
xz xz
5. If a patient experiences malabsorption of fat resulting from an impaired ability to produce
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
adequate bile salts for micelle formation, how may fat absorption be improved?
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
a. By increasing short-chain fatty acids in the diet
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
b. By increasing medium-chain fatty acids in the diet
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
c. By increasing long-chain fatty acids in the diet
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
d. By restricting dietary intake of cholesterol
xz xz xz xz xz
ANS: x z B
Medium-chain fatty acids of 8 to 12 carbons can be absorbed directly by mucosal cells
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
without the presence of bile. The long-chain fatty acids require micelle formation for
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
absorption. Short-chain fatty acids result from bacterial fermentation of malabsorbed
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
carbohydrates and fibers. As bile is produced from cholesterol, dietary restriction of
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
cholesterol is negligible in regard to improvements in fat absorption.
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
6. What is the function of secretin?
xz xz xz xz xz
a. Stimulation of gastric secretions and increased motility xz xz xz xz xz xz
b. Stimulation of gallbladder contraction and the release of bile xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
c. Stimulation of the pancreas to secrete water and bicarbonate xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
d. Stimulation of the parietal cells to secrete gastrin xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
ANS: x z C
Secretin is the hormone that works in opposition to gastrin. Whereas gastrin stimulates
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
stomach digestion activities, secretin decreases gastric output and promotes pancreatic
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
secretions to neutralize the acidity of chyme. Cholecystokinin is also secreted when chyme
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
enters the duodenum, and it is responsible for stimulating the gallbladder.
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
7. Which of the following is a list of enzymes released from the pancreas?
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
a. Insulin, trypsin, and secretin xz xz xz
b. Lactase, isomaltase, and dextrinase xz xz xz
c. Protease, pepsin, and gastrin xz xz xz
d. Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase xz xz xz
ANS: x z D
Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase are three protein digestive enzymes secreted by
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
the pancreas. Insulin is an endogenous hormone secreted by the pancreas. Secretin is a
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
hormone secreted by the small intestine. Lactase and isomaltase (also known as dextrinase)
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
are brush-border enzymes. Pepsin, which is a protease, and gastrin are hormones secreted
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
by the stomach.
xz xz xz
8. In what form is dietary fat absorbed from the lumen of the intestine?
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
, a. Chylomicron
b. Micelle
c. Triglyceride
d. Lipoprotein
ANS: x z B
Fats must be emulsified into micelles so that they may cross the unstirred water layer that
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
borders the brush-border membranes. These micelles leave monoglycerides and fatty acids at
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
the brush border, where they are reabsorbed and reassembled as triglycerides. The
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
triglycerides are packaged with cholesterol, fat-soluble vitamins, and phospholipids into
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
chylomicrons, which pass into the lymphatic circulation. When these reach the liver, the
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
chylomicron components are repackaged into low-density lipoproteins.
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
9. Which of the following is true of probiotics?
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
a. Probiotics are live microorganisms found in food. xz xz xz xz xz xz
b. Probiotics are nondigestible carbohydrates. xz xz xz
c. Probiotics act primarily on bacteria in the proximal small intestine.
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
d. Probiotics cannot be given as supplements because they readily die.xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
ANS: x z A
Probiotics are live microorganisms, which when administered in adequate amounts confer a
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
health benefit on the host. They are found in fermented foods like yogurt and sauerkraut or
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
as a nutritional supplement. Bacterial action is most intense in the distal small intestine and
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
large intestine.
xz xz
10. By which transport mechanism are most vitamins absorbed from the small intestine into the
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
xz blood?
a. Passive diffusion xz
b. Active diffusion xz
c. Facilitative diffusion xz
d. Passive osmosis xz
ANS: x z A
Passive diffusion is limited by the number of channels available for nutrients to randomly pass
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
through. Facilitated diffusion requires the presence of carrier proteins, which may be
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
limited by the health and nutritional status of the person. Active transport requires energy,
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
which also may be limited by the person’s health and nutritional status. Osmosis occurs in
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
regard to concentration gradient and only involves the movement of water, not vitamins.
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
11. What are primarily absorbed by the large intestine?
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
a. Water and fats xz xz
b. Carbohydrates
c. Proteins
d. Water and electrolytes xz xz
ANS: x z D
Water and electrolytes are usually the only absorbable remnants of dietary intake that reach
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
the large intestine. Fats, carbohydrates, and proteins from the diet are absorbed throughout
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
the small intestine.
xz xz xz
12. What happens to cellulose and lignin as they go through the GI tract?
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
Raymond: Krause and Mahan’s Food and the Nutrition Care Process, 16th Edition
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
MULTIPLE CHOICE xz
1. Pepsinogen is converted to pepsin when it comes in contact with xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
a. enterokinase.
b. trypsinogen.
c. hydrochloric acid. xz
d. peptidases.
ANS: x z C
Pepsinogen is secreted in the stomach and converted to its active form by the acid
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
environment of the stomach. Enterokinase is secreted by the brush border of the small
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
intestine in response to the presence of chyme. Trypsinogen is secreted by the pancreas and
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
activated by enterokinase. Various peptidases are secreted by the either brush border or the
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
pancreas.
xz
2. Which of the following is formed by bacterial synthesis in the colon?
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
a. Vitamin K xz
b. Vitamin D xz
c. Vitamin B6 xz
d. Niacin
ANS: x z A
Colonic bacteria produce vitamin K, vitamin B12, thiamin, and riboflavin. Vitamin D may be
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
metabolized by exposure of precursor vitamin D in the skin to ultraviolet light. The human
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
body can synthesize niacin from the amino acid tryptophan. Vitamin B6 must be obtained
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
from dietary sources such as meats, whole grains, vegetables, and nuts.
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
3. After surgical removal of a large portion of the small intestine, what functional complication
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
is most likely to develop?
xz xz xz xz xz
a. Changes in dietary habits xz xz xz
b. Impaired digestion xz
c. Loss of absorptive tissue xz xz xz
d. Elimination of dietary residue xz xz xz
ANS: x z C
The small intestine is the primary site of nutrient absorption because of its large absorption
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
surface area. Secretions from the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas can still contribute to
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
digestion of intestinal contents. However, decreased absorption of nutrients and food
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
components may result in more intestinal remains and residue. A patient may change dietary
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
habits as a result of gastrointestinal discomfort experienced after intestinal resection, but this
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
is not a functional complication.
xz xz xz xz xz
4. The sight or smell of food produces vagal stimulation of the parietal cells of the
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
gastric mucosa, resulting in the increased production of what?
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
a. Motilin
b. Gastrin
c. Cholecystokinin
, d. Secretin
ANS: x z B
Parasympathetic innervation that causes secretion of gastrin and release of hydrochloric acid
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
helps prepare the stomach for the potential of receiving food. After food chyme is passed
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
into the small intestine from the stomach, secretin and cholecystokinin are secreted to
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
stimulate pancreatic secretion of water and bicarbonate. They also signal gallbladder
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
contractions and colonic motility, all resulting in reductions in stomach emptying and
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
duodenal motility.
xz xz
Motilin is secreted from the duodenal mucosa during fasting to stimulate gastric emptying and
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
intestinal motility.
xz xz
5. If a patient experiences malabsorption of fat resulting from an impaired ability to produce
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
adequate bile salts for micelle formation, how may fat absorption be improved?
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
a. By increasing short-chain fatty acids in the diet
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
b. By increasing medium-chain fatty acids in the diet
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
c. By increasing long-chain fatty acids in the diet
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
d. By restricting dietary intake of cholesterol
xz xz xz xz xz
ANS: x z B
Medium-chain fatty acids of 8 to 12 carbons can be absorbed directly by mucosal cells
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
without the presence of bile. The long-chain fatty acids require micelle formation for
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
absorption. Short-chain fatty acids result from bacterial fermentation of malabsorbed
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
carbohydrates and fibers. As bile is produced from cholesterol, dietary restriction of
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
cholesterol is negligible in regard to improvements in fat absorption.
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
6. What is the function of secretin?
xz xz xz xz xz
a. Stimulation of gastric secretions and increased motility xz xz xz xz xz xz
b. Stimulation of gallbladder contraction and the release of bile xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
c. Stimulation of the pancreas to secrete water and bicarbonate xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
d. Stimulation of the parietal cells to secrete gastrin xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
ANS: x z C
Secretin is the hormone that works in opposition to gastrin. Whereas gastrin stimulates
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
stomach digestion activities, secretin decreases gastric output and promotes pancreatic
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
secretions to neutralize the acidity of chyme. Cholecystokinin is also secreted when chyme
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
enters the duodenum, and it is responsible for stimulating the gallbladder.
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
7. Which of the following is a list of enzymes released from the pancreas?
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
a. Insulin, trypsin, and secretin xz xz xz
b. Lactase, isomaltase, and dextrinase xz xz xz
c. Protease, pepsin, and gastrin xz xz xz
d. Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase xz xz xz
ANS: x z D
Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase are three protein digestive enzymes secreted by
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
the pancreas. Insulin is an endogenous hormone secreted by the pancreas. Secretin is a
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
hormone secreted by the small intestine. Lactase and isomaltase (also known as dextrinase)
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
are brush-border enzymes. Pepsin, which is a protease, and gastrin are hormones secreted
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
by the stomach.
xz xz xz
8. In what form is dietary fat absorbed from the lumen of the intestine?
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
, a. Chylomicron
b. Micelle
c. Triglyceride
d. Lipoprotein
ANS: x z B
Fats must be emulsified into micelles so that they may cross the unstirred water layer that
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
borders the brush-border membranes. These micelles leave monoglycerides and fatty acids at
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
the brush border, where they are reabsorbed and reassembled as triglycerides. The
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
triglycerides are packaged with cholesterol, fat-soluble vitamins, and phospholipids into
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
chylomicrons, which pass into the lymphatic circulation. When these reach the liver, the
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
chylomicron components are repackaged into low-density lipoproteins.
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
9. Which of the following is true of probiotics?
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
a. Probiotics are live microorganisms found in food. xz xz xz xz xz xz
b. Probiotics are nondigestible carbohydrates. xz xz xz
c. Probiotics act primarily on bacteria in the proximal small intestine.
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
d. Probiotics cannot be given as supplements because they readily die.xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
ANS: x z A
Probiotics are live microorganisms, which when administered in adequate amounts confer a
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
health benefit on the host. They are found in fermented foods like yogurt and sauerkraut or
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
as a nutritional supplement. Bacterial action is most intense in the distal small intestine and
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
large intestine.
xz xz
10. By which transport mechanism are most vitamins absorbed from the small intestine into the
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
xz blood?
a. Passive diffusion xz
b. Active diffusion xz
c. Facilitative diffusion xz
d. Passive osmosis xz
ANS: x z A
Passive diffusion is limited by the number of channels available for nutrients to randomly pass
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
through. Facilitated diffusion requires the presence of carrier proteins, which may be
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
limited by the health and nutritional status of the person. Active transport requires energy,
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
which also may be limited by the person’s health and nutritional status. Osmosis occurs in
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
regard to concentration gradient and only involves the movement of water, not vitamins.
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
11. What are primarily absorbed by the large intestine?
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
a. Water and fats xz xz
b. Carbohydrates
c. Proteins
d. Water and electrolytes xz xz
ANS: x z D
Water and electrolytes are usually the only absorbable remnants of dietary intake that reach
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
the large intestine. Fats, carbohydrates, and proteins from the diet are absorbed throughout
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
the small intestine.
xz xz xz
12. What happens to cellulose and lignin as they go through the GI tract?
xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz xz
