©FYNDLAY 2024/2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2:47PM. A+
Brock Biology of Microorganisms Chapter 1
Exam Questions And Answers |Latest 2025 |
Guaranteed Pass.
Culture - Answer✔cells grown in/on nutrient medium
medium - Answer✔liquid/solid mixture containing all required nutrients
cell - Answer✔living compartment that interacts with the environment and other cells
cytoplasmic (cell) membrane - Answer✔barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the
outside environment
cytoplasm - Answer✔aqueous mixture of macromolecules, small organics, ions, and ribosomes
inside the cell
ribosomes - Answer✔protein-synthesizing structures
cell wall - Answer✔organelle only present in some microbes; provides extra protection and
strength
prokaryotes - Answer✔type of cell: some Bacteria and Archaea, have no membrane-enclosed
organelles; no nucleus
organelles - Answer✔membrane-enclosed structures within a cell
eukaryotes - Answer✔type of cell: some plants, animals, algae, protozoa, fungi; contains
organelles; has DNA-enclosed in a membrane-bound nucleus
genome - Answer✔a cell's full complement of genes
linear chromosomes (and many more, up to billions of base pairs) - Answer✔typical eukaryotic
DNA shape
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, ©FYNDLAY 2024/2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2:47PM. A+
circular chromosomes that aggregate in the nucleoid region - Answer✔typical prokaryotic DNA
shape
plasmids - Answer✔extrachromosomal DNA that confers special properties (like antibiotic
resistance) (found in prokaryotes)
metabolism - Answer✔the chemical transformation of nutrients
enzymes - Answer✔protein catalysts
transcription - Answer✔when DNA information is converted into RNA
translation - Answer✔when RNA is used by ribosome to make protein
motility - Answer✔when cells move by self-propulsion
differentiation - Answer✔when microbes modify internal structures to form specialized cells
intercellular communication - Answer✔when microbes respond to other microbes
activities of microbial cells - Answer✔-metabolism
-motility
-differentiation
-intercellular communication
-evolution
-live in microbial communities
3.8-4.3 billion y.a. - Answer✔When did the first cells appear on Earth?
~2.6 billion y.a. - Answer✔When was O2 introduced to the Earth's atmosphere?
~3.6 billion y.a. - Answer✔When did the first anoxygenic phototrophs appear?
~0.5 billion y.a. - Answer✔When did plants and animals appear on Earth?
three domains (distinct lineages of microbial cells - Answer✔-Bacteria (prok)
-Archaea (prok)
-Eukarya (euk)
LUCA - Answer✔last universal common ancestor
extremophiles - Answer✔organisms that live in habitats too harsh for other life forms (ex. hot
springs, glaciers, high salt, acidity, alkalinity, pressure)
2|Page
Brock Biology of Microorganisms Chapter 1
Exam Questions And Answers |Latest 2025 |
Guaranteed Pass.
Culture - Answer✔cells grown in/on nutrient medium
medium - Answer✔liquid/solid mixture containing all required nutrients
cell - Answer✔living compartment that interacts with the environment and other cells
cytoplasmic (cell) membrane - Answer✔barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the
outside environment
cytoplasm - Answer✔aqueous mixture of macromolecules, small organics, ions, and ribosomes
inside the cell
ribosomes - Answer✔protein-synthesizing structures
cell wall - Answer✔organelle only present in some microbes; provides extra protection and
strength
prokaryotes - Answer✔type of cell: some Bacteria and Archaea, have no membrane-enclosed
organelles; no nucleus
organelles - Answer✔membrane-enclosed structures within a cell
eukaryotes - Answer✔type of cell: some plants, animals, algae, protozoa, fungi; contains
organelles; has DNA-enclosed in a membrane-bound nucleus
genome - Answer✔a cell's full complement of genes
linear chromosomes (and many more, up to billions of base pairs) - Answer✔typical eukaryotic
DNA shape
1|Page
, ©FYNDLAY 2024/2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2:47PM. A+
circular chromosomes that aggregate in the nucleoid region - Answer✔typical prokaryotic DNA
shape
plasmids - Answer✔extrachromosomal DNA that confers special properties (like antibiotic
resistance) (found in prokaryotes)
metabolism - Answer✔the chemical transformation of nutrients
enzymes - Answer✔protein catalysts
transcription - Answer✔when DNA information is converted into RNA
translation - Answer✔when RNA is used by ribosome to make protein
motility - Answer✔when cells move by self-propulsion
differentiation - Answer✔when microbes modify internal structures to form specialized cells
intercellular communication - Answer✔when microbes respond to other microbes
activities of microbial cells - Answer✔-metabolism
-motility
-differentiation
-intercellular communication
-evolution
-live in microbial communities
3.8-4.3 billion y.a. - Answer✔When did the first cells appear on Earth?
~2.6 billion y.a. - Answer✔When was O2 introduced to the Earth's atmosphere?
~3.6 billion y.a. - Answer✔When did the first anoxygenic phototrophs appear?
~0.5 billion y.a. - Answer✔When did plants and animals appear on Earth?
three domains (distinct lineages of microbial cells - Answer✔-Bacteria (prok)
-Archaea (prok)
-Eukarya (euk)
LUCA - Answer✔last universal common ancestor
extremophiles - Answer✔organisms that live in habitats too harsh for other life forms (ex. hot
springs, glaciers, high salt, acidity, alkalinity, pressure)
2|Page
