Examl 2:l NUR242l /l NURl 242l (Latestl
2025/l 2026l Update)l Medical-Surgicall
Nursingl Conceptsl Guide|l Questionsl &l
Answers|l Gradel A|l 100%l Correctl
(Verifiedl Solutions)-l Galen
Q:l Hyponatremial S/S
Answer:
SALTl LOSS
Stupor/coma
Anorexial (N/V)
Lethargy
Tachycardia
Limpl musclesl (weakness)
Orthostaticl hypotension
Seizures/headache
Stomachl crampingl (hyperactivel bowels)
(metabolicl alkalosis)
Q:l Hyponatremial causes
Answer:
4l D's
-diaphoresisl (highl fever)
-diarrheal &l vomiting
-Drainsl (NGTl suction)
-Diuretics
inadequatel sodiuml intakel (fasting,l NPO,l lowl saltl diet)
SIADH
adrenall crisis
kidneyl disease
heartl failure
,Q:l Hyponatremial treatment
Answer:
ADDl SALT
Administerl IVl sodiuml chloridel (onlyl ifl duel tol hypovolemia)
Diureticsl (Onlyl ifl duel tol hypervolemia)
Dailyl weights
Safetyl (falls)
Airwayl protectionl (NPOl ifl confused)
Limitl waterl intakel (onlyl ifl duel tol hypervolemia)
Teachl foodsl highl inl sodiuml (canned,l packaged,l foods)
Q:l Hypernatremial S/S
Answer:
Youl arel 'fried'l orl S.A.L.T.
Fl -l Feverl (lowl grade),l flushedl skin
Rl -l Restlessl (irritable)
Il -l Increasedl fluidl retentionl andl increasedl BP
El -l Edemal (peripherall andl pitting)
Dl -l Decreasedl urinaryl output,l dryl mouth
Sl =l Skinl flushed
Al =l Agitation
Ll =l Low-gradel fever
Tl =l Thirst
Bigl &l Bloated
metabolicl acidois
Q:l Hypernatremial causes
Answer:
increasedl sodiuml intake
fluidl loss
decreasedl sodiuml excreation
Q:l Hypernatermial treatment
,Answer:
ifl duel tol fluidl loss
-administerl IVl infusions
Ifl causesl isl inadequatel renall excretion
-givel diuretics
restrictl sodiuml andl fluidl asl prescribed
Q:l Potassiuml (K+)l normall range
Answer:
3.5-5.0l mEq/L
Q:l Potassiuml functionl inl body
Answer:
maintainsl ICF,l nervel function,l regulatesl musclel andl heartl contractions,l acidl basel balance
Q:l 80%l ofl potassiuml isl excretedl by
Answer:
kidneys
Q:l potassiuml foodl sources
Answer:
fish,l meats,l Citrusl fruitsl andl driedl fruits,l Bananas,l Watermelon,l Potatoes,l tomatoes,l
Legumes,l Tea,l Peanutl butter,l andl Spinach,
Q:l Watchl Potassiuml levelsl inl clientsl taking
Answer:
digitails
diuretics
, ivl fluids
lowerl potassium
Q:l Hypokalemial S/S
Answer:
Al SICl WALTl
Alkalosis
Shallowl respiration
Irritabilityl
Confusionl andl drowsiness
Weaknessl andl fatigue
Arrhythmias-l irregularl heartl rate,l tachycardial
Lethargyl
Threadyl pulse
decreasel intestinall mobility,l nauseal andl vomiting
Q:l Hypokalemial causes
Answer:
vomiting,l
NGl suction,l
diuretics,l
corticosteriods
kidneyl disease
notl eating
Q:l Potassiuml infusion
Answer:
NEVERl IVl PUSH!l
IVl 10mEq/hrl
don'tl hangl addl tol hangingl bag
dol nol exceedl 40-60l mEq/L
NOl FASTERl thenl 20l mEq/hr
watchl sitel forl infiltration
2025/l 2026l Update)l Medical-Surgicall
Nursingl Conceptsl Guide|l Questionsl &l
Answers|l Gradel A|l 100%l Correctl
(Verifiedl Solutions)-l Galen
Q:l Hyponatremial S/S
Answer:
SALTl LOSS
Stupor/coma
Anorexial (N/V)
Lethargy
Tachycardia
Limpl musclesl (weakness)
Orthostaticl hypotension
Seizures/headache
Stomachl crampingl (hyperactivel bowels)
(metabolicl alkalosis)
Q:l Hyponatremial causes
Answer:
4l D's
-diaphoresisl (highl fever)
-diarrheal &l vomiting
-Drainsl (NGTl suction)
-Diuretics
inadequatel sodiuml intakel (fasting,l NPO,l lowl saltl diet)
SIADH
adrenall crisis
kidneyl disease
heartl failure
,Q:l Hyponatremial treatment
Answer:
ADDl SALT
Administerl IVl sodiuml chloridel (onlyl ifl duel tol hypovolemia)
Diureticsl (Onlyl ifl duel tol hypervolemia)
Dailyl weights
Safetyl (falls)
Airwayl protectionl (NPOl ifl confused)
Limitl waterl intakel (onlyl ifl duel tol hypervolemia)
Teachl foodsl highl inl sodiuml (canned,l packaged,l foods)
Q:l Hypernatremial S/S
Answer:
Youl arel 'fried'l orl S.A.L.T.
Fl -l Feverl (lowl grade),l flushedl skin
Rl -l Restlessl (irritable)
Il -l Increasedl fluidl retentionl andl increasedl BP
El -l Edemal (peripherall andl pitting)
Dl -l Decreasedl urinaryl output,l dryl mouth
Sl =l Skinl flushed
Al =l Agitation
Ll =l Low-gradel fever
Tl =l Thirst
Bigl &l Bloated
metabolicl acidois
Q:l Hypernatremial causes
Answer:
increasedl sodiuml intake
fluidl loss
decreasedl sodiuml excreation
Q:l Hypernatermial treatment
,Answer:
ifl duel tol fluidl loss
-administerl IVl infusions
Ifl causesl isl inadequatel renall excretion
-givel diuretics
restrictl sodiuml andl fluidl asl prescribed
Q:l Potassiuml (K+)l normall range
Answer:
3.5-5.0l mEq/L
Q:l Potassiuml functionl inl body
Answer:
maintainsl ICF,l nervel function,l regulatesl musclel andl heartl contractions,l acidl basel balance
Q:l 80%l ofl potassiuml isl excretedl by
Answer:
kidneys
Q:l potassiuml foodl sources
Answer:
fish,l meats,l Citrusl fruitsl andl driedl fruits,l Bananas,l Watermelon,l Potatoes,l tomatoes,l
Legumes,l Tea,l Peanutl butter,l andl Spinach,
Q:l Watchl Potassiuml levelsl inl clientsl taking
Answer:
digitails
diuretics
, ivl fluids
lowerl potassium
Q:l Hypokalemial S/S
Answer:
Al SICl WALTl
Alkalosis
Shallowl respiration
Irritabilityl
Confusionl andl drowsiness
Weaknessl andl fatigue
Arrhythmias-l irregularl heartl rate,l tachycardial
Lethargyl
Threadyl pulse
decreasel intestinall mobility,l nauseal andl vomiting
Q:l Hypokalemial causes
Answer:
vomiting,l
NGl suction,l
diuretics,l
corticosteriods
kidneyl disease
notl eating
Q:l Potassiuml infusion
Answer:
NEVERl IVl PUSH!l
IVl 10mEq/hrl
don'tl hangl addl tol hangingl bag
dol nol exceedl 40-60l mEq/L
NOl FASTERl thenl 20l mEq/hr
watchl sitel forl infiltration
