SOLUTION MANUAL FOR MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING 18TH
EDITION BY RAY GARRISON, ERIC NOREEN AND PETER BREWER
ALL CHAPTERS INCLUDED|| LATEST AND COMPLETE UPDATE 2025
GUARANTEED A+
,1|Pag e
SOLUTION MANUAL FOR MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING 18 TH
EDITION BY RAY GARRISON, ERIC NOREEN AND PETER BREWER
ALL CHAPTERS INCLUDED|| LATEST AND COMPLETE UPDATE 2025
GUARANTEED A+
Chapter 01: Managerial Accounting and Cost Concepts
Questions
1-1 The three major types of product costs in a manufacturing company are direct materials,
direct labor, and manufacturing overhead.
1-2
a. Direct materials are an integral part of a finished product and their costs can be
conveniently traced to it.
b. Indirect materials are generally small items of material such as glue and nails. They may
be an integral part of a finished product but their costs can be traced to the product only at great
cost or inconvenience.
c. Direct labor consists of labor costs that can be easily traced to particular products.
Direct labor is also called ―touch labor.‖
d. Indirect labor consists of the labor costs of janitors, supervisors, materials handlers, and
other factory workers that cannot be conveniently traced to particular products. These labor costs
are incurred to support production, but the workers involved do not directly work on the product.
e. Manufacturing overhead includes all manufacturing costs except direct materials and
direct labor. Consequently, manufacturing overhead includes indirect materials and indirect labor
as well as other manufacturing costs.
1-3 A product cost is any cost involved in purchasing or manufacturing goods. In the case of
manufactured goods, these costs consist of direct materials, direct labor, and manufacturing
overhead. A period cost is a cost that is taken directly to the income statement as an expense in
the period in which it is incurred.
1-4
a. Variable cost: The variable cost per unit is constant, but total variable cost changes in
direct proportion to changes in volume.
b. Fixed cost: The total fixed cost is constant within the relevant range. The average fixed
cost per unit varies inversely with changes in volume.
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c. Mixed cost: A mixed cost contains both variable and fixed cost elements.
1-5
a. Unit fixed costs decrease as the activity level increases.
b. Unit variable costs remain constant as the activity level increases.
c. Total fixed costs remain constant as the activity level increases.
d. Total variable costs increase as the activity level increases.
1-6
a. Cost behavior: Cost behavior refers to the way in which costs change in response to
changes in a measure of activity such as sales volume, production volume, or orders processed.
b. Relevant range: The relevant range is the range of activity within which assumptions
about variable and fixed cost behavior are valid.
1-7 An activity base is a measure of whatever causes the incurrence of a variable cost.
Examples of activity bases include units produced, units sold, letters typed, beds in a hospital,
meals served in a cafe, service calls made, etc.
1-8 The linear assumption is reasonably valid providing that the cost formula is used only
within the relevant range.
© McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
1-9 A discretionary fixed cost has a fairly short planning horizon—usually a year. Such costs
arise from annual decisions by management to spend on certain fixed cost items, such as
advertising, research, and management development. A committed fixed cost has a long planning
horizon—generally many years. Such costs relate to a company’s investment in facilities,
equipment, and basic organization. Once such costs have been incurred, they are ―locked in‖ for
many years.
1-10 Yes. As the anticipated level of activity changes, the level of fixed costs needed to
support operations may also change. Most fixed costs are adjusted upward and downward in
large steps, rather than being absolutely fixed at one level for all ranges of activity.
1-11 The traditional approach organizes costs by function, such as production, selling, and
administration. Within a functional area, fixed and variable costs are intermingled. The
contribution approach income statement organizes costs by behavior, first deducting variable
, 3|Pag e
expenses to obtain contribution margin, and then deducting fixed expenses to obtain net
operating income.
1-12 The contribution margin is total sales revenue less total variable expenses.
1-13 A differential cost is a cost that differs between alternatives in a decision. A sunk cost is a
cost that has already been incurred and cannot be altered by any decision taken now or in the
future. An opportunity cost is the potential benefit that is given up when one alternative is
selected over another.
1-14 No, differential costs can be either variable or fixed. For example, the alternatives might
consist of purchasing one machine rather than another to make a product. The difference
between the fixed costs of purchasing the two machines is a differential cost.
EDITION BY RAY GARRISON, ERIC NOREEN AND PETER BREWER
ALL CHAPTERS INCLUDED|| LATEST AND COMPLETE UPDATE 2025
GUARANTEED A+
,1|Pag e
SOLUTION MANUAL FOR MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING 18 TH
EDITION BY RAY GARRISON, ERIC NOREEN AND PETER BREWER
ALL CHAPTERS INCLUDED|| LATEST AND COMPLETE UPDATE 2025
GUARANTEED A+
Chapter 01: Managerial Accounting and Cost Concepts
Questions
1-1 The three major types of product costs in a manufacturing company are direct materials,
direct labor, and manufacturing overhead.
1-2
a. Direct materials are an integral part of a finished product and their costs can be
conveniently traced to it.
b. Indirect materials are generally small items of material such as glue and nails. They may
be an integral part of a finished product but their costs can be traced to the product only at great
cost or inconvenience.
c. Direct labor consists of labor costs that can be easily traced to particular products.
Direct labor is also called ―touch labor.‖
d. Indirect labor consists of the labor costs of janitors, supervisors, materials handlers, and
other factory workers that cannot be conveniently traced to particular products. These labor costs
are incurred to support production, but the workers involved do not directly work on the product.
e. Manufacturing overhead includes all manufacturing costs except direct materials and
direct labor. Consequently, manufacturing overhead includes indirect materials and indirect labor
as well as other manufacturing costs.
1-3 A product cost is any cost involved in purchasing or manufacturing goods. In the case of
manufactured goods, these costs consist of direct materials, direct labor, and manufacturing
overhead. A period cost is a cost that is taken directly to the income statement as an expense in
the period in which it is incurred.
1-4
a. Variable cost: The variable cost per unit is constant, but total variable cost changes in
direct proportion to changes in volume.
b. Fixed cost: The total fixed cost is constant within the relevant range. The average fixed
cost per unit varies inversely with changes in volume.
,2|Pag e
c. Mixed cost: A mixed cost contains both variable and fixed cost elements.
1-5
a. Unit fixed costs decrease as the activity level increases.
b. Unit variable costs remain constant as the activity level increases.
c. Total fixed costs remain constant as the activity level increases.
d. Total variable costs increase as the activity level increases.
1-6
a. Cost behavior: Cost behavior refers to the way in which costs change in response to
changes in a measure of activity such as sales volume, production volume, or orders processed.
b. Relevant range: The relevant range is the range of activity within which assumptions
about variable and fixed cost behavior are valid.
1-7 An activity base is a measure of whatever causes the incurrence of a variable cost.
Examples of activity bases include units produced, units sold, letters typed, beds in a hospital,
meals served in a cafe, service calls made, etc.
1-8 The linear assumption is reasonably valid providing that the cost formula is used only
within the relevant range.
© McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
1-9 A discretionary fixed cost has a fairly short planning horizon—usually a year. Such costs
arise from annual decisions by management to spend on certain fixed cost items, such as
advertising, research, and management development. A committed fixed cost has a long planning
horizon—generally many years. Such costs relate to a company’s investment in facilities,
equipment, and basic organization. Once such costs have been incurred, they are ―locked in‖ for
many years.
1-10 Yes. As the anticipated level of activity changes, the level of fixed costs needed to
support operations may also change. Most fixed costs are adjusted upward and downward in
large steps, rather than being absolutely fixed at one level for all ranges of activity.
1-11 The traditional approach organizes costs by function, such as production, selling, and
administration. Within a functional area, fixed and variable costs are intermingled. The
contribution approach income statement organizes costs by behavior, first deducting variable
, 3|Pag e
expenses to obtain contribution margin, and then deducting fixed expenses to obtain net
operating income.
1-12 The contribution margin is total sales revenue less total variable expenses.
1-13 A differential cost is a cost that differs between alternatives in a decision. A sunk cost is a
cost that has already been incurred and cannot be altered by any decision taken now or in the
future. An opportunity cost is the potential benefit that is given up when one alternative is
selected over another.
1-14 No, differential costs can be either variable or fixed. For example, the alternatives might
consist of purchasing one machine rather than another to make a product. The difference
between the fixed costs of purchasing the two machines is a differential cost.
