Biology 252 Exam 1
1. ______ and _______ induce the formation of the BBB. - ANS-Astrocytes and Pericytes
2. ______ gated channels generate local, graded potentials. - ANS-Chemically gated
channels generate local potentials.
3. ________ channels are found mainly on the axon and axon hillock (trigger zone). -
ANS-Voltage gated channels
4. 1st type of information provided by sensation receptors: modality - ANS-Type of stimulus
or the sensation it produces
5. -temp vs touch
6. -vibration vs sound
7. - by looking at your laptop you cannot tell how it tastes but you can see it.
8. 2nd type of information: location - ANS-Encoded by which nerve fibers are issuing
signals to the brain. Receptive fields tell the area covered by one single receptor.
9. 3rd type of information: Intensity - ANS-How strong the stimulus is
10. A) as stimulus intensity rises, the firing frequencies of sensory nerve fibers rise (b)
intense stimuli recruit greater numbers of nerve fibers to fire; and (c) weak stimuli
activate only the most sensitive nerve fibers, whereas strong stimuli can activate a less
sensitive group of fibers with higher thresholds. Thus, the brain can distinguish
intensities based on which fibers are firing, how many are doing so, and how fast they
are firing.
11. 4th type of information: Duration - ANS-Phasic receptors are fast adapting receptors
(e.g. you are getting used to the shirt you are wearing).
12. - Notify on us change (onset and cessation of the stimulus)
13. Tonic receptors are slow adapting receptors (e.g. pain does not go away)
14. - Notify on duration of the stimulus
15. A child eats a whole bottle of salt (NaCl) tablets. What effect does this have on the
resting membrane potential? - ANS-Although there are leakage channels, the sodium
permeability is so low the change will be minor. Think about a lot of students outside a
small door that wants to get in, but they cannot all get through at once.
16. Absolute Refractory Period - ANS-Na+ channels have not yet reset to the resting
positions. A new AP CANNOT be generated. (before the peak)
17. Action potentials can only be generated and propagated in ______ and _______. -
ANS-Neurons (only at the axon) and muscles. Why?
18. Antagonistic control - ANS-Most internal organs are innervated by both divisions of the
ANS, which exhibit antagonistic control
19. Ex; heart rate. increase in sympathetic stimulation causes HR to increase,
parasympathetic causes it to decrease
20. Astrocytes - ANS-- support and brace neurons
21. - control the chemical environment
22. - cover the brain and nonsynaptic regions of neurons
, 23. - supportive framework of CNS
24. - induce BBB
25. - influence synaptic signaling
26. - secrete growth factors
27. - removes K+ and some NTs from ECF of brain and spinal cord
28. - form scar tissue
29. At what point does an action potential become an all or none process? - ANS-Upon
reaching the threshold
30. Auditory association area - ANS-Stores memories of sounds and permits perception of
sounds
31. Autonomic Nervous System - ANS-Consists of motor neurons that:
32. - Make adjustments to ensure optimal support for body activities
33. - Operate via subconscious control
34. Bottom - visual cortex (blindness) - ANS-allows you to see general shapes and shadows
but no identification
35. Broca's area - ANS-controls muscles involved in speech. Sends messages to the
primary motor cortex and this PMC tells muscles to contract, etc.
36. Present in one hemisphere.
37. Chemically (ligand) gated channels - ANS-a ligand binds to receptor causing a
conformational change and opening the gate to the ions.
38. - can be specific or not specific (Ach at neural muscular junctions is permeable to all
cations - noth Na and K).
39. Chemoreceptors - ANS-respond to chemicals, including odors, tastes, and body fluid
composition.
40. Depolarize - ANS-Making the cell less polarized (closer to zero).
41. Describe the soma, neurofibrils, Nissl bodies, dendrites, axon and axon hillock. -
ANS-Soma- body of the neuron cell.
42. Neurofibrils- work with microtubules to compartmentalize rough ER into Nissl bodies.
43. Nissl bodies- help identify neurons in tissue sections with mixed cell types
44. Dendrites- primary site for receiving signals from other neurons
45. axon hillock- nerve fiber where axon originates
46. axon- conducs nerve signals to remote point from the soma. contains Varicosities
secrete NTs.
47. Difference in primary somatosensory cortex and somatosensory association area? -
ANS-PSC receives info from the skin and skeletal muscles while SSAA integrates
sensory info and forms and understanding of the stimulus. Determines the size, texture,
and relationship of parts.
48.
49. -cortex (receive)
50. -association (analyze)
51. Ependymal cells - ANS-- Ciliated epithelial cells lining the central cavities of the brain
and spinal column.
52. - Forming a permeable barrier between the CSF and nervous tissue
53. - beating cilia helps circulate the CSF
1. ______ and _______ induce the formation of the BBB. - ANS-Astrocytes and Pericytes
2. ______ gated channels generate local, graded potentials. - ANS-Chemically gated
channels generate local potentials.
3. ________ channels are found mainly on the axon and axon hillock (trigger zone). -
ANS-Voltage gated channels
4. 1st type of information provided by sensation receptors: modality - ANS-Type of stimulus
or the sensation it produces
5. -temp vs touch
6. -vibration vs sound
7. - by looking at your laptop you cannot tell how it tastes but you can see it.
8. 2nd type of information: location - ANS-Encoded by which nerve fibers are issuing
signals to the brain. Receptive fields tell the area covered by one single receptor.
9. 3rd type of information: Intensity - ANS-How strong the stimulus is
10. A) as stimulus intensity rises, the firing frequencies of sensory nerve fibers rise (b)
intense stimuli recruit greater numbers of nerve fibers to fire; and (c) weak stimuli
activate only the most sensitive nerve fibers, whereas strong stimuli can activate a less
sensitive group of fibers with higher thresholds. Thus, the brain can distinguish
intensities based on which fibers are firing, how many are doing so, and how fast they
are firing.
11. 4th type of information: Duration - ANS-Phasic receptors are fast adapting receptors
(e.g. you are getting used to the shirt you are wearing).
12. - Notify on us change (onset and cessation of the stimulus)
13. Tonic receptors are slow adapting receptors (e.g. pain does not go away)
14. - Notify on duration of the stimulus
15. A child eats a whole bottle of salt (NaCl) tablets. What effect does this have on the
resting membrane potential? - ANS-Although there are leakage channels, the sodium
permeability is so low the change will be minor. Think about a lot of students outside a
small door that wants to get in, but they cannot all get through at once.
16. Absolute Refractory Period - ANS-Na+ channels have not yet reset to the resting
positions. A new AP CANNOT be generated. (before the peak)
17. Action potentials can only be generated and propagated in ______ and _______. -
ANS-Neurons (only at the axon) and muscles. Why?
18. Antagonistic control - ANS-Most internal organs are innervated by both divisions of the
ANS, which exhibit antagonistic control
19. Ex; heart rate. increase in sympathetic stimulation causes HR to increase,
parasympathetic causes it to decrease
20. Astrocytes - ANS-- support and brace neurons
21. - control the chemical environment
22. - cover the brain and nonsynaptic regions of neurons
, 23. - supportive framework of CNS
24. - induce BBB
25. - influence synaptic signaling
26. - secrete growth factors
27. - removes K+ and some NTs from ECF of brain and spinal cord
28. - form scar tissue
29. At what point does an action potential become an all or none process? - ANS-Upon
reaching the threshold
30. Auditory association area - ANS-Stores memories of sounds and permits perception of
sounds
31. Autonomic Nervous System - ANS-Consists of motor neurons that:
32. - Make adjustments to ensure optimal support for body activities
33. - Operate via subconscious control
34. Bottom - visual cortex (blindness) - ANS-allows you to see general shapes and shadows
but no identification
35. Broca's area - ANS-controls muscles involved in speech. Sends messages to the
primary motor cortex and this PMC tells muscles to contract, etc.
36. Present in one hemisphere.
37. Chemically (ligand) gated channels - ANS-a ligand binds to receptor causing a
conformational change and opening the gate to the ions.
38. - can be specific or not specific (Ach at neural muscular junctions is permeable to all
cations - noth Na and K).
39. Chemoreceptors - ANS-respond to chemicals, including odors, tastes, and body fluid
composition.
40. Depolarize - ANS-Making the cell less polarized (closer to zero).
41. Describe the soma, neurofibrils, Nissl bodies, dendrites, axon and axon hillock. -
ANS-Soma- body of the neuron cell.
42. Neurofibrils- work with microtubules to compartmentalize rough ER into Nissl bodies.
43. Nissl bodies- help identify neurons in tissue sections with mixed cell types
44. Dendrites- primary site for receiving signals from other neurons
45. axon hillock- nerve fiber where axon originates
46. axon- conducs nerve signals to remote point from the soma. contains Varicosities
secrete NTs.
47. Difference in primary somatosensory cortex and somatosensory association area? -
ANS-PSC receives info from the skin and skeletal muscles while SSAA integrates
sensory info and forms and understanding of the stimulus. Determines the size, texture,
and relationship of parts.
48.
49. -cortex (receive)
50. -association (analyze)
51. Ependymal cells - ANS-- Ciliated epithelial cells lining the central cavities of the brain
and spinal column.
52. - Forming a permeable barrier between the CSF and nervous tissue
53. - beating cilia helps circulate the CSF
