FinalIExam:IAPHY102/IAPHYI102I(NewI
2024/I2025IUpdate)IReviewI|IQsI&IAs|I
GradeIA|I100%ICorrectI(VerifiedIAnswers)I
-IIvyITech
QUESTION
HowIdoesIstressIaffectIimmunity?
Answer:
oIWhenIwe'reIstressed,ItheIimmuneIsystem'sIabilityItoIfightIoffIantigensIisIreduced.IThatIisIw
hyIweIareImoreIsusceptibleItoIinfections.ITheIstressIhormoneIcorticosteroidIcanIsuppressItheIe
ffectivenessIofItheIimmuneIsystemI(e.g.IlowersItheInumberIofIlymphocytes)
QUESTION
CompareIandIcontrastIpassiveIversusIactiveIimmunity.
Answer:
oIPassiveIimmunity:ItemporaryIimmunityIobtainedIviaIantibodies;InoIantigenIexposure;InoIim
muneIresponseIisIevokedIbyIperson'sIimmuneIsystem
oIActiveIimmunity:IpermanentIimmunityIobtainedIviaIantigenIcontact;IimmuneIresponseIisIev
oked,IandImemoryIBIcellsIareIproduced
QUESTION
CompareIandIcontrastIprimaryIversusIsecondaryIimmuneIresponses.
Answer:
*PrimaryIImmuneIresponse:IProducedIbyIfirstIencounterIwithIantigen;IfirstIantibodiesIappearIi
nI5-10Idays,IandIremainIforIseveralIweeks.ImemoryIBIcellsIareIalsoIproduced
*SecondaryIImmuneIresponse:ISubsequentIexposureItoIantigenIproducesIhighIconcentrationIof
IantibodiesIinI1-
2Idays;IantibodiesIremainIforImonthsIorIyears;ImemoryIBIcellsIliveIforImanyIyears
,QUESTION
DescribeItheIrolesIofIIgG,IIgD,IIgE,IIgA,IandIIgM.
Answer:
IgG-
IisIinIplasmaIandItissueIfluidsIandIisIeffectiveIagainstIbacteria,Ivirsuses,IandItoxinsIandIitIacti
vatesIcomplementIproteins.I(80%IofIantibodies)
IgA-
IisIinIbreastImilk,Itears,InasalIfluid,IgastricIjuice,IintestinalIjuice,IandIurineIandIitIisIanIexocri
neIglandIsecretion.I(13%IofIantibodies)
IgM-
IisIaItypeIofIantibodyIproducedIinIplasmaIinIresponseItoIcontactIwithIcertainIantigensIinIfoods
IorIbacteria.I(6%IofIantibodies)
IgD-
IisIonItheIsurfacesIofImostIBIcellsIandIactsIasIanIantigenIreceptorIandIisIimportantIinIactivatin
gIBIcells.I(<1%IofIantibodies)
IgE-
IappearsIinIexocrineIsecretionsIwithIIgA.IItIisIassociatedIwithIallergicIreactions.I(<1%IofIantib
odies)
QUESTION
CompareIandIcontrastIinnateIbarriersIversusIadaptiveIimmunity.
Answer:
oIInnateIimmunityIisIsomethingIalreadyIpresentIinItheIbody.IAdaptiveIimmunityIisIcreatedIinIr
esponseItoIexposureItoIaIforeignIsubstance.IOnceIactivatedIagainstIaIspecificItypeIofIantigen,It
heIimmunityIremainsIthroughoutItheIlife.I
oIAdaptiveIimmuneIsystemIisIcomposedIofIBIcellsIandITIcells
,QUESTION
DescribeItheIdifferentIglandsIassociatedIwithItheIlymphaticIsystem.IWhatIareItheirIfunctions?
Answer:
oILymphInodes:IfilterIforeignIparticlesIandIdebrisIfromIlymph,IhouseIlymphocytesIthatIdestro
yIforeignIparticlesIinIlymph;IhouseImacrophagesIthatIengulfIandIdestroyIforeignIparticlesIandI
cellularIdebris.
oIThymus:IHousesIlymphocytes,IdifferentiatesIthymocytesIintoITIlymphocytes.
oISpleen:IHousesImacrophagesIthatIremoveIforeignIparticles,IdamagedIredIbloodIcells,IandIcel
lularIdebrisIfromItheIblood,IcontainsIlymphocytes.
QUESTION
HowIdoesIanIautoimmuneIdiseaseIwork?
Answer:
oIAnIattackIbyItheIimmuneIsystemIagainstIownItissues.ITheIimmuneIsystemIfailsItoIdistinguis
hI"self"IfromI"non-
self",IandItheIbodyIproducesIantibodiesIcalledIautoantibodies.IAlso,IcytotoxicITIcellsIattackIth
eIbody'sItissuesIandIorgans.IVariousIautoimmuneIdisordersIaffectIdifferentItypesIofIcells.ITher
eIareIseveralItheoriesIconcerningItheIcause(s)IofIautoimmuneIdisorders,IbutInoIsingleIcauseIha
sIbeenIestablished.
QUESTION
WhatIisIpus?
Answer:
oIPusIisIaIwhitish-yellow,Iyellow,IorIbrown-yellowIprotein-
richIfluidIcalledIliquorIpurisIthatIaccumulatesIatItheIsiteIofIanIinfection.IItIconsistsIofIaIbuildu
pIofIdead,IwhiteIbloodIcellsIthatIformIwhenItheIbody'sIimmuneIsystemIrespondsItoItheIinfecti
on.
QUESTION
, DescribeIdifferencesIbetweenITIcellsIandIBIcells.
Answer:
oIAnIimportantIdifferenceIbetweenIT-cellsIandIB-cellsIisIthatIB-
cellsIcanIconnectItoIantigensIrightIonItheIsurfaceIofItheIinvadingIvirusIorIbacteriaIandIproduce
Iantibodies.IThisIisIdifferentIfromIT-
cells,IwhichIcanIonlyIconnectItoIvirusIantigensIonItheIoutsideIofIinfectedIcells
(B-cells-IattackIinvadersIoutsideItheIcell)
(T-cells-IattackIinfectedIcells)
QUESTION
WhatIareItheIpartsIofIeachIofItheIdigestiveIorgans?
Answer:
TheIdigestiveIsystemIconsistsIofI2Iportions:
AlimentaryIcanal:IConsistsIofIorgansIthatIextendIfromItheImouthItoItheIanus;ItheIfoodIpassage
way
oIMouth,Ipharynx,Iesophagus,Istomach,IsmallIintestine,IlargeIintestine,IanalIcanal.
AccessoryIorgans:IConsistsIofIorgansIthatIemptyIsecretionsIintoItheIalimentaryIcanal;IfoodIdo
esInotIpassIthroughIthem
oISalivaryIglands,Iliver,Igallbladder,Ipancreas
QUESTION
WhatIcanIbeIfoundIinI(normal)Ifeces?
Answer:
oIFecesIareIcomposedIofImaterialsInotIdigestedIorIabsorbed,IandIalsoIcontain:
§IWaterI(~75%IofIfeces)
§IElectrolytes
§IMucus
§IBacteria
§IBileIpigments,IwhichIprovideItheIcolor,IafterIbacterialIalteration
2024/I2025IUpdate)IReviewI|IQsI&IAs|I
GradeIA|I100%ICorrectI(VerifiedIAnswers)I
-IIvyITech
QUESTION
HowIdoesIstressIaffectIimmunity?
Answer:
oIWhenIwe'reIstressed,ItheIimmuneIsystem'sIabilityItoIfightIoffIantigensIisIreduced.IThatIisIw
hyIweIareImoreIsusceptibleItoIinfections.ITheIstressIhormoneIcorticosteroidIcanIsuppressItheIe
ffectivenessIofItheIimmuneIsystemI(e.g.IlowersItheInumberIofIlymphocytes)
QUESTION
CompareIandIcontrastIpassiveIversusIactiveIimmunity.
Answer:
oIPassiveIimmunity:ItemporaryIimmunityIobtainedIviaIantibodies;InoIantigenIexposure;InoIim
muneIresponseIisIevokedIbyIperson'sIimmuneIsystem
oIActiveIimmunity:IpermanentIimmunityIobtainedIviaIantigenIcontact;IimmuneIresponseIisIev
oked,IandImemoryIBIcellsIareIproduced
QUESTION
CompareIandIcontrastIprimaryIversusIsecondaryIimmuneIresponses.
Answer:
*PrimaryIImmuneIresponse:IProducedIbyIfirstIencounterIwithIantigen;IfirstIantibodiesIappearIi
nI5-10Idays,IandIremainIforIseveralIweeks.ImemoryIBIcellsIareIalsoIproduced
*SecondaryIImmuneIresponse:ISubsequentIexposureItoIantigenIproducesIhighIconcentrationIof
IantibodiesIinI1-
2Idays;IantibodiesIremainIforImonthsIorIyears;ImemoryIBIcellsIliveIforImanyIyears
,QUESTION
DescribeItheIrolesIofIIgG,IIgD,IIgE,IIgA,IandIIgM.
Answer:
IgG-
IisIinIplasmaIandItissueIfluidsIandIisIeffectiveIagainstIbacteria,Ivirsuses,IandItoxinsIandIitIacti
vatesIcomplementIproteins.I(80%IofIantibodies)
IgA-
IisIinIbreastImilk,Itears,InasalIfluid,IgastricIjuice,IintestinalIjuice,IandIurineIandIitIisIanIexocri
neIglandIsecretion.I(13%IofIantibodies)
IgM-
IisIaItypeIofIantibodyIproducedIinIplasmaIinIresponseItoIcontactIwithIcertainIantigensIinIfoods
IorIbacteria.I(6%IofIantibodies)
IgD-
IisIonItheIsurfacesIofImostIBIcellsIandIactsIasIanIantigenIreceptorIandIisIimportantIinIactivatin
gIBIcells.I(<1%IofIantibodies)
IgE-
IappearsIinIexocrineIsecretionsIwithIIgA.IItIisIassociatedIwithIallergicIreactions.I(<1%IofIantib
odies)
QUESTION
CompareIandIcontrastIinnateIbarriersIversusIadaptiveIimmunity.
Answer:
oIInnateIimmunityIisIsomethingIalreadyIpresentIinItheIbody.IAdaptiveIimmunityIisIcreatedIinIr
esponseItoIexposureItoIaIforeignIsubstance.IOnceIactivatedIagainstIaIspecificItypeIofIantigen,It
heIimmunityIremainsIthroughoutItheIlife.I
oIAdaptiveIimmuneIsystemIisIcomposedIofIBIcellsIandITIcells
,QUESTION
DescribeItheIdifferentIglandsIassociatedIwithItheIlymphaticIsystem.IWhatIareItheirIfunctions?
Answer:
oILymphInodes:IfilterIforeignIparticlesIandIdebrisIfromIlymph,IhouseIlymphocytesIthatIdestro
yIforeignIparticlesIinIlymph;IhouseImacrophagesIthatIengulfIandIdestroyIforeignIparticlesIandI
cellularIdebris.
oIThymus:IHousesIlymphocytes,IdifferentiatesIthymocytesIintoITIlymphocytes.
oISpleen:IHousesImacrophagesIthatIremoveIforeignIparticles,IdamagedIredIbloodIcells,IandIcel
lularIdebrisIfromItheIblood,IcontainsIlymphocytes.
QUESTION
HowIdoesIanIautoimmuneIdiseaseIwork?
Answer:
oIAnIattackIbyItheIimmuneIsystemIagainstIownItissues.ITheIimmuneIsystemIfailsItoIdistinguis
hI"self"IfromI"non-
self",IandItheIbodyIproducesIantibodiesIcalledIautoantibodies.IAlso,IcytotoxicITIcellsIattackIth
eIbody'sItissuesIandIorgans.IVariousIautoimmuneIdisordersIaffectIdifferentItypesIofIcells.ITher
eIareIseveralItheoriesIconcerningItheIcause(s)IofIautoimmuneIdisorders,IbutInoIsingleIcauseIha
sIbeenIestablished.
QUESTION
WhatIisIpus?
Answer:
oIPusIisIaIwhitish-yellow,Iyellow,IorIbrown-yellowIprotein-
richIfluidIcalledIliquorIpurisIthatIaccumulatesIatItheIsiteIofIanIinfection.IItIconsistsIofIaIbuildu
pIofIdead,IwhiteIbloodIcellsIthatIformIwhenItheIbody'sIimmuneIsystemIrespondsItoItheIinfecti
on.
QUESTION
, DescribeIdifferencesIbetweenITIcellsIandIBIcells.
Answer:
oIAnIimportantIdifferenceIbetweenIT-cellsIandIB-cellsIisIthatIB-
cellsIcanIconnectItoIantigensIrightIonItheIsurfaceIofItheIinvadingIvirusIorIbacteriaIandIproduce
Iantibodies.IThisIisIdifferentIfromIT-
cells,IwhichIcanIonlyIconnectItoIvirusIantigensIonItheIoutsideIofIinfectedIcells
(B-cells-IattackIinvadersIoutsideItheIcell)
(T-cells-IattackIinfectedIcells)
QUESTION
WhatIareItheIpartsIofIeachIofItheIdigestiveIorgans?
Answer:
TheIdigestiveIsystemIconsistsIofI2Iportions:
AlimentaryIcanal:IConsistsIofIorgansIthatIextendIfromItheImouthItoItheIanus;ItheIfoodIpassage
way
oIMouth,Ipharynx,Iesophagus,Istomach,IsmallIintestine,IlargeIintestine,IanalIcanal.
AccessoryIorgans:IConsistsIofIorgansIthatIemptyIsecretionsIintoItheIalimentaryIcanal;IfoodIdo
esInotIpassIthroughIthem
oISalivaryIglands,Iliver,Igallbladder,Ipancreas
QUESTION
WhatIcanIbeIfoundIinI(normal)Ifeces?
Answer:
oIFecesIareIcomposedIofImaterialsInotIdigestedIorIabsorbed,IandIalsoIcontain:
§IWaterI(~75%IofIfeces)
§IElectrolytes
§IMucus
§IBacteria
§IBileIpigments,IwhichIprovideItheIcolor,IafterIbacterialIalteration
