NBME CBSE
1.Bulbus cordis: Smooth parts (outflow tract) of left and right ventricles
2.endocardial cushions: Atrial septum, membranous interventricular septum; AV and semilunar
valves
neural crest
3.left horn of the sinus venosus: coronary sinus
4.posterior, sub cardinal, and supra cardinal veins: IVC
5.Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein: SVC
6.Right horn of sinus venosus: Smooth part of right atrium (sinus venarum)
7.Patent foramen ovale: failure of septum primum and septum secundum to fuse after birth
8.Transposition of the great vessels
Tetralogy of Fallot
Persistent truncus arteriosus: Conotruncal abnormalities associated with failure of neural crest
cells to migrate
9.ductus venosus: connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava, bypassing the liver
becomes ligamentum venosum
10.phrenic nerve: innervates the diaphragm and pericardium
11.S3 heart sound: Increased ventricular filling pressure (e.g., mitral regurgitation,
HF), common in dilated ventricles
normal in kids and pregnant women
12.S4 heart sound: atrial kick late diastole, right before S1 best heard
at apex in LLD position
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52
,High atrial pressure.
Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy) Always abnormal
13.atria contract: a wave of JVP
14.c wave: RV contraction (closed tricuspid valve bulging into atrium) wave of JVP
15.x descent: JVP wave corresponding to downward displacement of closed tri- cuspid valve
during rapid ventricular ejection phase
reduced or absent in tricuspid regurge
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52
,16.V wave: JVP wave corresponding to inc'd RA pressure due to filling against closed tricuspid
valve
17.y descent: JVP wave corresponding to RA emptying into RV
absent in cardiac tamponade
18.plusus parvus et tardus: pulses are weak with delayed peak
Aortic stenosis
19.PR interval: 0.12-0.20 seconds
120 milliseconds
20.QT interval length: 9 - 11 squares = .36 to .44 seconds
21.Hypokalemia: U wave present on ECG
22.Mg sulfate: for torsades de pointe, hypokalemia (can lengthen QT and cause torsades), and
pre-eclampsia (prevent seizures)
23.Romano-Ward syndrome: -Congenital long QT syndrome
-Autosomal dominant, pure cardiac phenotype (no deafness).
24.Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome: -Congenital long QT syndrome
-Autosomal recessive, sensorineural deafness
25.Brugada syndrome: -Autosomal dominant disorder affecting Na channels most common in
Asian males.
-ECG pattern of pseudo-right bundle branch block and ST elevations in V1-V3 (anterior ventricular
septum)
-inc risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmias and sudden cardiac deatgh
Prevent SCD with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD).
26.Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome: Most common type of ventriuclar pre-exci- tation
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, sydnrome. Abnormal fast accessory conduction pathway from atria to venricle bypasses the rate-
slowing AV node causing a delta wave and widening QRS with shortened PR interval. Could lead to
a reentrant circuit and suprvaventicular tachy.
27.First degree AV block: - PRI >5 boxes/.20 sec (200 msec)
- Fixed but prolonged PRI
(consistent but long)
- normally get bradycardia here
28.second degree AV block mobitz type 2: -PR interval is constant
-atrial conduction to ventricle is intermittent: dropped QRS without increasing PR interval length
-disease below AV node in His bundle
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1.Bulbus cordis: Smooth parts (outflow tract) of left and right ventricles
2.endocardial cushions: Atrial septum, membranous interventricular septum; AV and semilunar
valves
neural crest
3.left horn of the sinus venosus: coronary sinus
4.posterior, sub cardinal, and supra cardinal veins: IVC
5.Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein: SVC
6.Right horn of sinus venosus: Smooth part of right atrium (sinus venarum)
7.Patent foramen ovale: failure of septum primum and septum secundum to fuse after birth
8.Transposition of the great vessels
Tetralogy of Fallot
Persistent truncus arteriosus: Conotruncal abnormalities associated with failure of neural crest
cells to migrate
9.ductus venosus: connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava, bypassing the liver
becomes ligamentum venosum
10.phrenic nerve: innervates the diaphragm and pericardium
11.S3 heart sound: Increased ventricular filling pressure (e.g., mitral regurgitation,
HF), common in dilated ventricles
normal in kids and pregnant women
12.S4 heart sound: atrial kick late diastole, right before S1 best heard
at apex in LLD position
1/
52
,High atrial pressure.
Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy) Always abnormal
13.atria contract: a wave of JVP
14.c wave: RV contraction (closed tricuspid valve bulging into atrium) wave of JVP
15.x descent: JVP wave corresponding to downward displacement of closed tri- cuspid valve
during rapid ventricular ejection phase
reduced or absent in tricuspid regurge
2/
52
,16.V wave: JVP wave corresponding to inc'd RA pressure due to filling against closed tricuspid
valve
17.y descent: JVP wave corresponding to RA emptying into RV
absent in cardiac tamponade
18.plusus parvus et tardus: pulses are weak with delayed peak
Aortic stenosis
19.PR interval: 0.12-0.20 seconds
120 milliseconds
20.QT interval length: 9 - 11 squares = .36 to .44 seconds
21.Hypokalemia: U wave present on ECG
22.Mg sulfate: for torsades de pointe, hypokalemia (can lengthen QT and cause torsades), and
pre-eclampsia (prevent seizures)
23.Romano-Ward syndrome: -Congenital long QT syndrome
-Autosomal dominant, pure cardiac phenotype (no deafness).
24.Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome: -Congenital long QT syndrome
-Autosomal recessive, sensorineural deafness
25.Brugada syndrome: -Autosomal dominant disorder affecting Na channels most common in
Asian males.
-ECG pattern of pseudo-right bundle branch block and ST elevations in V1-V3 (anterior ventricular
septum)
-inc risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmias and sudden cardiac deatgh
Prevent SCD with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD).
26.Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome: Most common type of ventriuclar pre-exci- tation
3/
52
, sydnrome. Abnormal fast accessory conduction pathway from atria to venricle bypasses the rate-
slowing AV node causing a delta wave and widening QRS with shortened PR interval. Could lead to
a reentrant circuit and suprvaventicular tachy.
27.First degree AV block: - PRI >5 boxes/.20 sec (200 msec)
- Fixed but prolonged PRI
(consistent but long)
- normally get bradycardia here
28.second degree AV block mobitz type 2: -PR interval is constant
-atrial conduction to ventricle is intermittent: dropped QRS without increasing PR interval length
-disease below AV node in His bundle
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52
