NURS 5315 Advanced Patho Exam 1 Latest
Update 2024-2025 Actual Exam 220 Questions
and 100% Verified Correct Answers Guaranteed
A+
-blastoma - CORRECT ANSWER: Malignant tumors of nervous tissues are based on
the nerve cell type
A negative base excess represents - CORRECT ANSWER: metabolic acidosis
A positive base excess represents - CORRECT ANSWER: metabolic alkalosis or
compensation for respiratory acidosis
A-a Gradient - CORRECT ANSWER: -Measures the differences between the alveolar
(A) to arterial (a) O2.
-It is a calculated value which indicates the difference between alveolar and arterial O2
content.
Absolute refractory period - CORRECT ANSWER: occurs when the membrane will not
respond to ANY stimulus no matter how strong.
Action potential altered by hypercalcemia - CORRECT ANSWER: -Causes a decrease
in cell permeability to Na
-Causes the RMP and the TP to increase in distance - the cells are less excitable and
requires more of a stimulus to initiate an action potential.
-Leads to weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion, encephalopathy, a
shortened QT segment and depressed widened T waves on EKG.
Action potential altered by hyperkalemia - CORRECT ANSWER: Hypopolarized
-Also has an effect on the resting membrane potential
,-If the ECF potassium increases without any change in the ICF potassium levels, the
resting membrane potential of the cell becomes more positive.
-The cells are more excitable and conduct impulses more easily and more quickly
because the resting membrane potential is closer to the threshold potential. Therefore,
the person will have peak T waves on EKG.
-As potassium rises, the resting membrane potential will continue to become more
positive and it will eventually become equal to the threshold potential. As this happens
the EKG will show a widening QRS complex. If the resting membrane potential equals
the threshold potential, an action potential will not be generated and cardiac standstill
will occur. Paralysis and paresthesias may also occur.
Action potential altered by hypocalcemia - CORRECT ANSWER: -Causes an increase
in the cell permeability to Na causing a progressive depolarization
-Causes the RMP and the TP to be closer to one another & making it easier to initiate
an action potential - the cells are more excitable.
-Results in tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesias, seizures, dysrhythmias
Action potential altered by hypokalemia - CORRECT ANSWER: (serum outside of cell is
low)
-Hyperpolarized (cell becomes more negative, ex: -100)
-Affects the resting membrane potential of cells
-The cell is less likely to depolarize and transmit impulses
Can cause a decrease in neuromuscular excitability and leads to weakness, smooth
muscle atony, paresthesias, and cardiac dysrhythmias
Adeno refers to - CORRECT ANSWER: the glandular epithelial tissue (deeper epithelial
tissue or glands)
Alleles - CORRECT ANSWER: paired genes. one dominant/one recessive
Alpha adrenergic antagonists will cause K to shift - CORRECT ANSWER: into the cell
, Alpha Fetoprotein (AFP) tumor marker can be found in - CORRECT ANSWER: liver or
germ cell cancers
An alteration in action potential may result from - CORRECT ANSWER: neurologic
diseases, muscle disease or electrolyte imbalances.
An elevated A-a gradient can happen in such diseases such as - CORRECT ANSWER:
pulmonary edema, pulmonary fibrosis, and ARDS.
Aneuploidy - CORRECT ANSWER: Alteration in chromosomal number
Results in a Single missing or one extra chromosome.
Caused by nondisjunction, failure of chromosomes to divide properly.
Uneven number of chromosomes, most are spontaneously aborted.
Two main types: monosomy & trisomy
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) - CORRECT ANSWER: Secreted by pituitary gland d/t
water deficit, sodium excess or ↓ BP
Causes kidneys to reabsorb water to ↑ plasma volume
ATP Depletion - CORRECT ANSWER: results from the loss of mitochondrial production
of ATP.
This contributes to cellular swelling, decreased protein synthesis, and impairs cellular
membrane transport systems. All of these changes impair cellular membrane integrity.
Atrophy - CORRECT ANSWER: decrease or shrinkage in the size of the cell
-Imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation, , reduction of the intracellular
contents, also includes a self-eating process called autophagy.
-Example: aging brain cells, malnutrition, uterus decreasing in size after childbirth
Autocrine stimulation - CORRECT ANSWER: Oncogenes provide a cancer cell with the
ability to secrete growth factors that stimulate their own growth which is known as
Update 2024-2025 Actual Exam 220 Questions
and 100% Verified Correct Answers Guaranteed
A+
-blastoma - CORRECT ANSWER: Malignant tumors of nervous tissues are based on
the nerve cell type
A negative base excess represents - CORRECT ANSWER: metabolic acidosis
A positive base excess represents - CORRECT ANSWER: metabolic alkalosis or
compensation for respiratory acidosis
A-a Gradient - CORRECT ANSWER: -Measures the differences between the alveolar
(A) to arterial (a) O2.
-It is a calculated value which indicates the difference between alveolar and arterial O2
content.
Absolute refractory period - CORRECT ANSWER: occurs when the membrane will not
respond to ANY stimulus no matter how strong.
Action potential altered by hypercalcemia - CORRECT ANSWER: -Causes a decrease
in cell permeability to Na
-Causes the RMP and the TP to increase in distance - the cells are less excitable and
requires more of a stimulus to initiate an action potential.
-Leads to weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion, encephalopathy, a
shortened QT segment and depressed widened T waves on EKG.
Action potential altered by hyperkalemia - CORRECT ANSWER: Hypopolarized
-Also has an effect on the resting membrane potential
,-If the ECF potassium increases without any change in the ICF potassium levels, the
resting membrane potential of the cell becomes more positive.
-The cells are more excitable and conduct impulses more easily and more quickly
because the resting membrane potential is closer to the threshold potential. Therefore,
the person will have peak T waves on EKG.
-As potassium rises, the resting membrane potential will continue to become more
positive and it will eventually become equal to the threshold potential. As this happens
the EKG will show a widening QRS complex. If the resting membrane potential equals
the threshold potential, an action potential will not be generated and cardiac standstill
will occur. Paralysis and paresthesias may also occur.
Action potential altered by hypocalcemia - CORRECT ANSWER: -Causes an increase
in the cell permeability to Na causing a progressive depolarization
-Causes the RMP and the TP to be closer to one another & making it easier to initiate
an action potential - the cells are more excitable.
-Results in tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesias, seizures, dysrhythmias
Action potential altered by hypokalemia - CORRECT ANSWER: (serum outside of cell is
low)
-Hyperpolarized (cell becomes more negative, ex: -100)
-Affects the resting membrane potential of cells
-The cell is less likely to depolarize and transmit impulses
Can cause a decrease in neuromuscular excitability and leads to weakness, smooth
muscle atony, paresthesias, and cardiac dysrhythmias
Adeno refers to - CORRECT ANSWER: the glandular epithelial tissue (deeper epithelial
tissue or glands)
Alleles - CORRECT ANSWER: paired genes. one dominant/one recessive
Alpha adrenergic antagonists will cause K to shift - CORRECT ANSWER: into the cell
, Alpha Fetoprotein (AFP) tumor marker can be found in - CORRECT ANSWER: liver or
germ cell cancers
An alteration in action potential may result from - CORRECT ANSWER: neurologic
diseases, muscle disease or electrolyte imbalances.
An elevated A-a gradient can happen in such diseases such as - CORRECT ANSWER:
pulmonary edema, pulmonary fibrosis, and ARDS.
Aneuploidy - CORRECT ANSWER: Alteration in chromosomal number
Results in a Single missing or one extra chromosome.
Caused by nondisjunction, failure of chromosomes to divide properly.
Uneven number of chromosomes, most are spontaneously aborted.
Two main types: monosomy & trisomy
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) - CORRECT ANSWER: Secreted by pituitary gland d/t
water deficit, sodium excess or ↓ BP
Causes kidneys to reabsorb water to ↑ plasma volume
ATP Depletion - CORRECT ANSWER: results from the loss of mitochondrial production
of ATP.
This contributes to cellular swelling, decreased protein synthesis, and impairs cellular
membrane transport systems. All of these changes impair cellular membrane integrity.
Atrophy - CORRECT ANSWER: decrease or shrinkage in the size of the cell
-Imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation, , reduction of the intracellular
contents, also includes a self-eating process called autophagy.
-Example: aging brain cells, malnutrition, uterus decreasing in size after childbirth
Autocrine stimulation - CORRECT ANSWER: Oncogenes provide a cancer cell with the
ability to secrete growth factors that stimulate their own growth which is known as
