NOVEL VACCINE TECHNOLOGIES: GENERAL
INTRODUCTION
ROLE OF ADJUVANTS IN VACCINES
1. Helps with immunogenicity: it is immunogenic
2. Slows the release (so formation of a pool)
- Adjuvant + Ag then we can determine which kind of IR we want to induce + we have to
use less Ag (so cheaper!!)
o Sometimes we cannot grow a lot of virus, then giving the adjuvant makes that we
need les virus = Ag-sparing!
A (SHORT) HISTORY OF VACCINATION
VACCINES = A ‘RECENT INVENTION’
- Vaccination only started to be effectively used in 20 th century in a structured manner
Several vaccines developed
Routine vaccinations introduced
Large populations vaccinated
- Vaccination (except for safe water) = most effect on mortality reduction and population
growth
Why do we vaccinate?
To avoid death and disease
Herd immunity
Minimum percentage of the population that has to be vaccinated to avoid circulation in the
population
BEFORE VACCINES
- Practice of quarantine already started = protect coastal cities from plague epidemics
- Quarantine to stop spreading and see if they would develop symptoms
- At the port: keep a ship in the port at quarantine, see if they developed symptoms, if not
they were probably not infected (so to overcome the incubation time, in which people were
asymptomatic!)
- Relying on geography and statistical analysis
o Studied cholera for example: map everybody who was infected > link certain
outbreaks to city water pumps = origin of disease outbreak known
, SMALLPOX: ORIGIN OF VACCINATION
SMALLPOX
- Many people died, but some recovered: those remained healthy during subsequent
outbreaks! = they had developed immunity
o Skin lesions + high mortality
- Inoculation = variolation = deliberate infection with smallpox by inserting scabs from
infected individuals into small cuts in the skin of healthy individuals
o The scabs were infectious > inoculate them in the skin of healthy people >
reduce mortality!
- PROBLEM: there is a chance on dying…, but still it offers more protection
VARIOLATION
- Origin = unknown
o Introducing dried pus from smallpox pustules into the skin of a patient
- There were already 4 forms of inoculation against smallpox
RINDERPEST/ CATTLE PLAGUE
- There were such large outbreaks of cattle plague and no cure, but inoculation was in practice
1.Animal died from cattle plague
2.Take discharge from this animal (pus)
3.Put this pus in the skin of healthy animals they will develop immunity
This was not always a success, but there was much less mortality
- Benjamin Jesty = inventor of vaccines (farmer wisdom)
o If there was an outbreak of pox in people: people who had had contact with infected
cattle (cattle pox) had a larger chance to survive human smallpox!
o Getting cow pox = protection against smallpox in humans!
Jesty’s actions constituted the first known real vaccine – use of cowpox to protect against
smallpox!
He exposed his family to cowpox they survived the smallpox outbreak
Based on: inoculate the same disease from another species in target species, so the same
virus, but another strain! (cattle strain of virus > in human = protects against human strain of
virus)
‘Vaccine’ = ‘cow’ in Latin (‘vacca’)
DEFINITION OF A VACCINE : EXAM
A vaccine = a biological suspension of a live/inactivated pathogen or fraction/subunits from it, which
can be administered in multiple ways (iv, im, id, oral, intranasal) to induce specific long-term
immunity (immune memory) and prevent disease caused by a specific pathogen against which it has
been developed
- Subunits = purified protein subunits, conjugated & non-conjugated polysaccharides, or split
virions
INTRODUCTION
ROLE OF ADJUVANTS IN VACCINES
1. Helps with immunogenicity: it is immunogenic
2. Slows the release (so formation of a pool)
- Adjuvant + Ag then we can determine which kind of IR we want to induce + we have to
use less Ag (so cheaper!!)
o Sometimes we cannot grow a lot of virus, then giving the adjuvant makes that we
need les virus = Ag-sparing!
A (SHORT) HISTORY OF VACCINATION
VACCINES = A ‘RECENT INVENTION’
- Vaccination only started to be effectively used in 20 th century in a structured manner
Several vaccines developed
Routine vaccinations introduced
Large populations vaccinated
- Vaccination (except for safe water) = most effect on mortality reduction and population
growth
Why do we vaccinate?
To avoid death and disease
Herd immunity
Minimum percentage of the population that has to be vaccinated to avoid circulation in the
population
BEFORE VACCINES
- Practice of quarantine already started = protect coastal cities from plague epidemics
- Quarantine to stop spreading and see if they would develop symptoms
- At the port: keep a ship in the port at quarantine, see if they developed symptoms, if not
they were probably not infected (so to overcome the incubation time, in which people were
asymptomatic!)
- Relying on geography and statistical analysis
o Studied cholera for example: map everybody who was infected > link certain
outbreaks to city water pumps = origin of disease outbreak known
, SMALLPOX: ORIGIN OF VACCINATION
SMALLPOX
- Many people died, but some recovered: those remained healthy during subsequent
outbreaks! = they had developed immunity
o Skin lesions + high mortality
- Inoculation = variolation = deliberate infection with smallpox by inserting scabs from
infected individuals into small cuts in the skin of healthy individuals
o The scabs were infectious > inoculate them in the skin of healthy people >
reduce mortality!
- PROBLEM: there is a chance on dying…, but still it offers more protection
VARIOLATION
- Origin = unknown
o Introducing dried pus from smallpox pustules into the skin of a patient
- There were already 4 forms of inoculation against smallpox
RINDERPEST/ CATTLE PLAGUE
- There were such large outbreaks of cattle plague and no cure, but inoculation was in practice
1.Animal died from cattle plague
2.Take discharge from this animal (pus)
3.Put this pus in the skin of healthy animals they will develop immunity
This was not always a success, but there was much less mortality
- Benjamin Jesty = inventor of vaccines (farmer wisdom)
o If there was an outbreak of pox in people: people who had had contact with infected
cattle (cattle pox) had a larger chance to survive human smallpox!
o Getting cow pox = protection against smallpox in humans!
Jesty’s actions constituted the first known real vaccine – use of cowpox to protect against
smallpox!
He exposed his family to cowpox they survived the smallpox outbreak
Based on: inoculate the same disease from another species in target species, so the same
virus, but another strain! (cattle strain of virus > in human = protects against human strain of
virus)
‘Vaccine’ = ‘cow’ in Latin (‘vacca’)
DEFINITION OF A VACCINE : EXAM
A vaccine = a biological suspension of a live/inactivated pathogen or fraction/subunits from it, which
can be administered in multiple ways (iv, im, id, oral, intranasal) to induce specific long-term
immunity (immune memory) and prevent disease caused by a specific pathogen against which it has
been developed
- Subunits = purified protein subunits, conjugated & non-conjugated polysaccharides, or split
virions
