Pharmacology Exam 2- Cedarville University Nursing Questions and Answers Graded A 2024

What is the definition of an agonist? - Same type of response as endogenous substance. Something that works for something else. What type of receptors does the Sympathetic Nervous System have? - Adrenergic receptors. Alpha and Beta Receptors What type of receptors does the Parasympathetic nervous system have? - Cholinergic receptors. Muscarinic Adrenergic Agonists are also known as what? - sympathomimetics What are the neurotransmitters that mimic the effect of catecholamines? - Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, and Dopamine Explain the locations of the Alpha and Beta receptors. - Alpha 1: Vascular smooth muscle (post synaptic effector cells) Alpha 2: Brain and periphery (pre-synaptic nerve terminals) Beta 1: Heart tissue (cardioselective) Beta 2: (bronchioles (lungs) and arteries of Skeletal Muscles, Visceral Organs What are some of the more severe adverse effects of Alpha agonists? - Insomnia, vasoconstriction, bradycardia, dry mouth, and nausea/vomiting What are some of the more severe adverse effects of Beta agonists? - tachycardia, palpitations, sweating, nausea/vomiting, muscle cramps True or False: Beta 1 blocks are non selective? - False- Beta 1 is cardioselective Alpha antagonists can cause______ - Orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia, edema Beta antagonists can cause_______ - bronchospasm, AV block, heart failure, thrombocytopenia Cholinergic drugs stimulate what nervous system? - parasympathetic What is the difference between cholinergic direct vs indirect acting? - Direct: bind to or activate cholinergic receptors Indirect: Inhibits acetylcholinesterase allowing more acetylcholine to be available. What are some major Nursing points? - - medications should be taken exactly as prescribed - anticholinergics dry people up - patients need to make sure that they are getting adequate fluids Explain what atropine is? - Antidote for anticholinesterase inhibitors. There are many contraindications such as angle closure glaucoma, Obstructive GI, Severe ulcerative colitis, renal/liver failure Explain what Dicyclomine is? - Used in irritable bowel syndrome: The contraindications are: hypersensitivity to anticholinergics, angle-closure glaucoma, GI tract obstruction. What are the two types of Hypertension? - essential/primary and secondary What is primary hypertension? - We do not know what happened or the identifiable cause. This is 90% of hypertension What is secondary hypertension? - The cause is identified. This is 10% of hypertension such as cushing's syndrome, hyperthyroidism, and chronic renal disease. What is blood pressure? - cardiac output x systemic vascular resistance What are some things that a patient can do that do not include medications? - - limit alcohol intake - restrict sodium consumption - decrease fats/cholesterol - increase aerobic activity - smoking cessation - reduce stress - maintain healthy body weight What is the first used hypertensive drug? - Diuretics