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Chapter 1. Assessment and Clinical Decision-Making: Overview
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1. Which type of clinical decision-making is most reliable?
A. Intuitive
B. Analytical
C. Experiential
D. Augenblick
2. Which of the following is false? To obtain adequate history, health-care
providers must be:
A. Methodical and systematic
B. Attentive to the patient’s verbal and
nonverbal language
C. Able to accurately interpret the patient’s
responses
D. Adept at reading into the patient’s
statements
3. Essential parts of a health history include all of the following except:
A. Chief complaint
B. History of the present illness
C. Current vital signs
D. All of the above are essential history
components
4. Which of the following is false? While performing the physical
examination, the examiner must be able to:
A. Differentiate between normal and
abnormal findings
B. Recall knowledge of a range of conditions
and their associated signs and symptoms
C. Recognize how certain conditions affect
the response to other conditions
D. Foresee unpredictable findings
5. The following is the least reliable source of information for diagnostic
statistics:
A. Evidence-based investigations
B. Primary reports of research
C. Estimation based on a provider’s
experience
D. Published meta-analyses
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6. The following can be used to assist in sound clinical decision-making:
A. Algorithm published in a peer-reviewed
journal article
B. Clinical practice guidelines
C. Evidence-based research
D. All of the above
7. If a diagnostic study has high sensitivity, this indicates a:
A. High percentage of persons with the given
condition will have an abnormal result
B. Low percentage of persons with the given
condition will have an abnormal result
C. Low likelihood of normal result in
persons without a given condition
D. None of the above
8. If a diagnostic study has high specificity, this indicates a:
A. Low percentage of healthy individuals
will show a normal result
B. High percentage of healthy individuals
will show a normal result
C. High percentage of individuals with a
disorder will show a normal result
D. Low percentage of individuals with a
disorder will show an abnormal result
9. A likelihood ratio above 1 indicates that a diagnostic test showing a:
A. Positive result is strongly associated with
the disease
B. Negative result is strongly associated with
absence of the disease
C. Positive result is weakly associated with
the disease
D. Negative result is weakly associated with
absence of the disease
10. Which of the following clinical reasoning tools is defined as evidence-
based resource based on mathematical modeling to express the likelihood of a condition
in select situations, settings, and/or patients?
A. Clinical practice guideline
B. Clinical decision rule
C. Clinical algorithm
D. Clinical recommendation
Chapter 1. Assessment and Clinical Decision-Making: Overview
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Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. ANS: B
Croskerry (2009) describes two major types of clinical diagnostic decision-making:
intuitive and analytical. Intuitive decision-making (similar to Augenblink decision-
making) is based on the experience and intuition of the clinician and is less reliable and
paired with fairly common errors. In contrast, analytical decision-making is based on
careful consideration and has greater reliability with rare errors.
PTS: 1
2. ANS: D
To obtain adequate history, providers must be well organized, attentive to the patient’s
verbal and nonverbal language, and able to accurately interpret the patient’s responses to
questions. Rather than reading into the patient’s statements, they clarify any areas of
uncertainty.
PTS: 1
3. ANS: C
Vital signs are part of the physical examination portion of patient assessment, not part of
the health history.
PTS: 1
4. ANS: D
While performing the physical examination, the examiner must be able to differentiate
between normal and abnormal findings, recall knowledge of a range of conditions,
including their associated signs and symptoms, recognize how certain conditions affect
the response to other conditions, and distinguish the relevance of varied abnormal
findings.
PTS: 1
5. ANS: C
Sources for diagnostic statistics include textbooks, primary reports of research, and
published meta-analyses. Another source of statistics, the one that has been most widely
used and available for application to the reasoning process, is the estimation based on a
provider’s experience, although these are rarely accurate. Over the past decade, the
availability of evidence on which to base clinical reasoning is improving, and there is an
increasing expectation that clinical reasoning be based on scientific evidence. Evidence-
based statistics are also increasingly being used to develop resources to facilitate clinical
decision-making.
PTS: 1
6. ANS: D
trewq
trewq
, yutrew
Chapter 1. Assessment and Clinical Decision-Making: Overview
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1. Which type of clinical decision-making is most reliable?
A. Intuitive
B. Analytical
C. Experiential
D. Augenblick
2. Which of the following is false? To obtain adequate history, health-care
providers must be:
A. Methodical and systematic
B. Attentive to the patient’s verbal and
nonverbal language
C. Able to accurately interpret the patient’s
responses
D. Adept at reading into the patient’s
statements
3. Essential parts of a health history include all of the following except:
A. Chief complaint
B. History of the present illness
C. Current vital signs
D. All of the above are essential history
components
4. Which of the following is false? While performing the physical
examination, the examiner must be able to:
A. Differentiate between normal and
abnormal findings
B. Recall knowledge of a range of conditions
and their associated signs and symptoms
C. Recognize how certain conditions affect
the response to other conditions
D. Foresee unpredictable findings
5. The following is the least reliable source of information for diagnostic
statistics:
A. Evidence-based investigations
B. Primary reports of research
C. Estimation based on a provider’s
experience
D. Published meta-analyses
trewq
, yutrew
6. The following can be used to assist in sound clinical decision-making:
A. Algorithm published in a peer-reviewed
journal article
B. Clinical practice guidelines
C. Evidence-based research
D. All of the above
7. If a diagnostic study has high sensitivity, this indicates a:
A. High percentage of persons with the given
condition will have an abnormal result
B. Low percentage of persons with the given
condition will have an abnormal result
C. Low likelihood of normal result in
persons without a given condition
D. None of the above
8. If a diagnostic study has high specificity, this indicates a:
A. Low percentage of healthy individuals
will show a normal result
B. High percentage of healthy individuals
will show a normal result
C. High percentage of individuals with a
disorder will show a normal result
D. Low percentage of individuals with a
disorder will show an abnormal result
9. A likelihood ratio above 1 indicates that a diagnostic test showing a:
A. Positive result is strongly associated with
the disease
B. Negative result is strongly associated with
absence of the disease
C. Positive result is weakly associated with
the disease
D. Negative result is weakly associated with
absence of the disease
10. Which of the following clinical reasoning tools is defined as evidence-
based resource based on mathematical modeling to express the likelihood of a condition
in select situations, settings, and/or patients?
A. Clinical practice guideline
B. Clinical decision rule
C. Clinical algorithm
D. Clinical recommendation
Chapter 1. Assessment and Clinical Decision-Making: Overview
trewq
, yutrew
Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. ANS: B
Croskerry (2009) describes two major types of clinical diagnostic decision-making:
intuitive and analytical. Intuitive decision-making (similar to Augenblink decision-
making) is based on the experience and intuition of the clinician and is less reliable and
paired with fairly common errors. In contrast, analytical decision-making is based on
careful consideration and has greater reliability with rare errors.
PTS: 1
2. ANS: D
To obtain adequate history, providers must be well organized, attentive to the patient’s
verbal and nonverbal language, and able to accurately interpret the patient’s responses to
questions. Rather than reading into the patient’s statements, they clarify any areas of
uncertainty.
PTS: 1
3. ANS: C
Vital signs are part of the physical examination portion of patient assessment, not part of
the health history.
PTS: 1
4. ANS: D
While performing the physical examination, the examiner must be able to differentiate
between normal and abnormal findings, recall knowledge of a range of conditions,
including their associated signs and symptoms, recognize how certain conditions affect
the response to other conditions, and distinguish the relevance of varied abnormal
findings.
PTS: 1
5. ANS: C
Sources for diagnostic statistics include textbooks, primary reports of research, and
published meta-analyses. Another source of statistics, the one that has been most widely
used and available for application to the reasoning process, is the estimation based on a
provider’s experience, although these are rarely accurate. Over the past decade, the
availability of evidence on which to base clinical reasoning is improving, and there is an
increasing expectation that clinical reasoning be based on scientific evidence. Evidence-
based statistics are also increasingly being used to develop resources to facilitate clinical
decision-making.
PTS: 1
6. ANS: D
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