NURS 507 EXAM 3; HENT WELL ELABORATED QUESTIONS AND DETAILED CORRECT ANSWERS

NURS 507 EXAM 3; HENT WELL ELABORATED QUESTIONS AND DETAILED CORRECT ANSWERS -cortical cataract= star shaped opacity, asymmetric, radial, white spokes with black center evident against red reflex. progresses faster than nuclear and starts on outer cortex of lens Pingueculae - ANSWER - -yellowish elevated nodules are caused by a thickening of the bulbar conjunctiva from prolonged exposure to sun, wind, and dust -appear first at 3 and 9 o'clock positions Xanthelasma - ANSWER - -soft, raised yellow lipid-laden plaques occurring on lids at inner canthus -common around 50s especially in women -no pathologic significance Glaucoma - ANSWER - -increased intraocular pressure -loss of peripheral vision -primary risk is age -halos around lights with acute narrow-angle glaucoma, shows in assessment as circumcorneal redness around iris, dilated pupil, cornea looks "steamy", anterior chamber is shallow -can have impact on night blindness -smoking is risk factor -can be screened with confrontation test Macular Degeneration - ANSWER - -loss of central vision due to yellow deposits (drusen) and neovascularity in macula -significant distress due to lack of central vision, peripheral vision is not affected Diabetic Retinopathy - ANSWER - -nonproliferative changes that occur within retina and proliferative changes that occur on inner surface of retina or vitreous -proliferative changes= new vessel formations that increase risk of retinal detachment or vitreous hemorrhage -moderate nonproliferative= microaneurysms are round, punctate red dots that are localized, lipid exudates are small yellow-white spots with distinct edges and smooth, solid looking surface in circular or linear pattern - Otitis media - ANSWER - -middle ear infection -obstruction of eustachian tube or passage of nasopharyngeal secretions into middle ear -very common in children -risk factors include absence of breast feeding, preterm birth, second hand smoke, daycare attendance, male sex, seasonality, bottle feeding, pacifier use -most important side effect is persistence of fluid in middle ear after treatment that can impair hearing and lead to risk for delayed cognitive development Where are the salivary glands? - ANSWER - -Two pair of salivary glands accessible to examination on face. 1. Parotid glands are in cheeks over mandible, below ear. Not normally palpable 2. Submandibular glands beneath mandible at angle of jaw What are the major neck muscles? - ANSWER - -Sternomastoid and trapezius -innervated by cranial nerve XI (spinal accessory) What is the thyroid gland? - ANSWER - -important endocrine gland with rich blood supply -synthesizes and secretes hormones to stimulate rate of cell metabolism -can be located using the thyroid and cricoid cartilage Preauricular lymph nodes - ANSWER - in front of ear Posterior auricular (mastoid) lymph nodes - ANSWER - superficial to the mastoid process (behind the ear) Occipital lymph nodes - ANSWER - base of skull Submental lymph nodes - ANSWER - midline, behind the tip of the mandible (under chin) Submandibular lymph nodes - ANSWER - halfway between the angle and the tip of the mandible Jugulodigastric (tonsillar) lymph nodes - ANSWER - under the angle of the mandible Superficial cervical lymph nodes - ANSWER - overlying the sternomastoid muscle Deep cervical lymph nodes - ANSWER - deep under the sternomastoid muscle Posterior cervical lymph nodes - ANSWER - in the posterior triangle along the edge of the trapezius muscle Supraclavicular lymph nodes - ANSWER - just above and behind the clavicle, at the sternomastoid muscle