TruGreen Pesticide Certification 6,3a,3b Questions With 100% Correct Answers.

TruGreen Pesticide Certification 6,3a,3b Questions With 100% Correct Answers. Abiotic disorder A non-pest plant stress such as improper nutrition, too much or too little water, winter or frost injury Action threshold The pest density at which action (such as pesticide application) is justified to prevent further damage. Adelgid An insect closely related to aphids that feed on conifers. Their feeding often causes galls to form. Aesthetic injury level The point at which damage from a pest becomes noticeable enough to negatively affect the visible quality of the plant. This may vary, based in part on the distance the plant is located from walkways. (and therefore, on the likelihood of the damage being observed. Airblast sprayer Pesticide application equipment that uses a stream of air from a fan to break up and distribute the pesicide onto the plant that is being treated. Allelopathy/allelopathic When one plant species suppresses the growth of another. For example, walnut trees produce chemicals that will not allow plants to grow under their canopies. Annual A plant that completes its life cycle and dies in a single year or growing season. Bacteria A group of single-celled microorganisms, of which there are typically 40 million in a gram of soil. A few species are the causes of diseases such as fire blight and leaf spot in plants. Bactericide A pesticide used to manage a disease cause by bacteria Balled and burlapped A standard method used to wrap a tree or shrub rootball with burlap to keep the soil around the roots when digging the plant from the field to move it for transplanting. Often, larger trees will have a wire mesh placed around the burlap to provide more support for transporting. The wire mesh should be removed prior to planting. The burlap should (optimally) be removed as much as possible also, as amany types of modern burlap contains synthetic fibers that will not rot. If the burlap is natural fibers it should at least be removed from the top one-third of the rootball to avoid the burlap being exposed to the air and wicking moisture from the roots. Also called B&B. Basal Drench The mixing of a pesticide in a small volume of water and applying to a 12-18 inch strip around the base of a tree or shrub. These compounds are normally systemic and are absorbed by the roots of the plant. Beauveria bassiana A naturally occurring fungus that attacks a number of insects and has been formulated as an insecticide. Beneficial Insect Insects that eat or develop inside or on pest insects. Sometimes just referred to as "beneficials." Beneficial insects do not damage landscape plants. Biennial A plant with a two-year life cycle. Biochemical pesticide A biologically derived chemical such as insect sex pheromones that are used for pest control. They have the advantages of being non-toxic and specific for controlling a particular species of pest. Biocide A substance that kills biological organisms. Biological control A method of controlling a pest by encouraging and using natural controls such as parasitism, predation, and naturally occuring diseases. Biomagnification A situation in which a predatory organism continues to absorb pesticde as it eats prey that has been exposed to nonlethal levels of pesticide; the accumulation of pesticide in the predator can lead to its death. Biopesticide Pesticides cerived from natural materials such as animals, plants, bacteria and certain minerals. Broad-spectrum A pesticde that affectsx a wide range of target species. Broad-spectrum fungicide A fingicide that controls a wide range of fungal organisms. Broadcast application A pesticide applied to a large area over all of the plants. Budbreak The timme when dormant buds open into leaves or flowers. Bulb An underground plant stem (such as an onion or tulip) that is surrounded by fleshy leaves that are modified to store nutrients. Calibration the process of adjusting pesticide application equipment to apply a specific amount of pesticide at a specific rate over a specific area. Cambium The layer of the tree immediately below the bark that contains embryonic tissue. It is the actively growing part of the tree. Cankers Irregular areas of damaged, diseased or dead tissue on the trunk and stems of woody plants. These may be various colorgs and may be moist or dry. Chemosterilants A chemical compound that causes reproductive sterility in an organism. Chlorosis A condition in which leaves are not producing chlorophyll and are yellowed, often caused by a nutrient deficiency. Chlorotic When the leaves of a plant exhibit yellowing. Cold temerature hardiness The ability of a plant to withstand the extremes of temperature during the winter for a particular area of the country. The U.S. Department of Agriculture has developed zone maps to indicate parts of the country that are subject to roughly the same extremes of cold temperatures. Plants are rated as to the hardiness zones in which they are able to survive. Commercial applicator A person who has been certified by the State of Michigan to apply pesticides for hire. In Michigan, any individual who is applying pesticides for hire on property they do not own and where they are not being supervised by the property owner of the owner's representative (such as on a farm or nursery) must be certified as a commercial applicator. Complete metamorphosis The type of development exhibited by more evolutionarily advanced insects in which the larva is very different from the adult. It goes through a change via the pupa stage before emerging as an adult. Conidia An asexually produced single-celled reporductive or resting body produced by a fungus. Conk A shelf-like structure of wood-decaying fungi that contains fungal fruiting bodies. Contact fungicide Fungicides that stay on the surface of the plant parts and do not move through the tissues of the plant. They must contact the fungus on the plant or prevent it from entering the plant by forming a barrier to work. Cornicles The pair of "tailpipes" on the top and to the rear of the abdomen that are unique to aphids. Cornicles produce alarm chemicals to warn other aphids of approaching danger. Cotyledon A significant part of the embryo of a plant seed. Cotyledons may become the first "leaves" of a plant and may be photosynthetic, althought they are not true leaves. Monocots such as grasses have a single cotyledon and dicots such as broadleaved plants have two cotyledons. Creeping perennials Plants that repoduce by way of underground plant parts such as rhizomes, stolons, tubers (swollen underground stems", bulbs and creeping roots. Cultivar Plants of the same species that are bred empasize different characteristics. Also called PLANT VARIETIES. Cultural control The practice of modifying a plant's growing environment to reduce unwanted pests (for example, by changing fertility levels, irrigation practices, sunlight exposure, mowing height or temperature). Curatives A type of pesticide that will remove a pest after it has begun to attack a plant. this is different from preventive pesticides, which must be applies before the pest arrives in order to work. Cuticle The outermost layer of cells of an insect's exoskeleton and the waxy layer covering it. Defoliation The premature loss of leaves of a plant. This can be from some of the leaves completely dropping of or from parts of leaves being eaten by insects. On woody deciduous plants, the leaves generally will reappear with the next growing season. Degree days Name for one method of measuring the occurrence of temperatures above a growth threshold. Accumulated degree days are a good way to determine when certain events will occur, such as a certain insect hatching or certain plants flowering. Depredation permit A permit to kill species of birds or vertebrates that are causing damage to plants or property. Developmental stages The distinct phases of growth for a plant (seedling, vegetative, seed production, maturity) or insect (egg, larva, pupa and adult). dieback Overall crown decline characterized by branch and leaf death of a tree or shrub that is caused by disease or insect feeding. Diluent Something used to dilute a concentrate. Rinsate 9the water or other liquid used to rinse pesticide contaqiners) can be used as a diluent (diluting agent) when a fresh solution of the same type of pesticide is mixed. Disease A pathological condition affecting a part, orgaan or system of an organism that results from various causes (such as infection, genetic defect or environmental stress) and is characterized by an identifiable group of signs or symptoms. Disease pyramid A diagram showing the interrelationship of the four factors (the presence of a pathogen, appropriate environmental conditions, an appropriate host for the pathogen and time) required for a desease to develop. Disorder A plant problem caused by unfavorable growing conditions DNR Department of natural resources Drift When a pesticide is blown off target by the wind. Drift management plan A plan that can be presented to surrounding property owners of a property to be treated that covers the toxicity of the pesticide, how it will be applied and what steeps if any will be taken if applications are made on a day when the application could drift onto adjacent properties. Dripline The farthest extent of a tree or shrub canopy. Drop spreader An applicator for granular formulations that places the chemical evenly in a swatch as wide as the bottom of the spreader. Economimc injury level The lowest density of pests at which damage caused by the pest can be measured. Economic threshold The density of pests at which the cost to manage a pest is equal to the losses that pest causes. Endoparasitic A parasite that lives inside the host. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) The federal agency responsible for regulating pesticide sale, use and registration. Epicormic shoots "Sucker" growth that originates low on a bush or tree or from its rootstock and is often the result of a physical injury or insects feeding under the bark and restricting water and nutrient flow. Federal Depredation Permit A permit issued by the U.S Department of Fisheries and Wildlife that landowners must have before starting any control activies directed against migratory birds. Federal insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) The federal law that covers the registration and use of pesticides in the United States. Flagging Wilting or drooping of branches or stems. Foliar application A pesticide application made to the leaves of a plant. Formulation The form in which a pesiticide is purchased. Common formulations are powdered and liquid concentrates, granular formulations designed to be applied without mixing with water, and pre-diluted, ready-to-apply liquid formulations generally for use by homeowners. Frass Insect excrement. Frost Pocket A local spot that may be prtected from wind and where front may develop before it does in the surrounding areas. Fungi The taxonomic kingdom that includes yeasts, molds and mushrooms. fungi do not contain chlorophyll. Several speciare are plant pathogens. Fungicide A pesticide that is formulated to control fungal diseases. Gall An abnormal swelling of plant tissue caused by the presence of microorganisms or insects. General-use Pesticide