TEST BANK FOR PRINCIPLES OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2 ND EDITION BY LIQUN LUO

Page 1 of 169 TETS BANK FOR PRINCIPLES OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2ND EDITION BY LIQUN LUO ANSWERS A RE AT THE END OF EACH CHAPTER CHAPTER 1: AN INVITATION TO NEUROBIOLOGY © 2016 GARLAND SCIENCE Nature and Nurture in Brain Function and Behavior 1–1 Twin studies found the following correlation coefficients (r) for monozygotic (MZ) vs. dizygotic (DZ) twin s: rMZ rDZ Alcoholism (males) 0.4 0.21 Autism 0.65 0.1 Reading disability 0.75 0.45 Schizophrenia 0.5 0.19 Data from Plomin R, Owen MJ & McGuffin P (1994) Science 264:1733 –1739 . Which mental trait has the lowest heritability (contribution of genetic differences to trait differences)? Briefly explain your reasoning. 1–2 In twin studies, ‗environmental factors ‘ are any fac tors not inherited from parents' DNA. These would include : (a) methylation of fetal DNA due to smoking during pregnancy . (b) random mutation during early embryonic development . (c) availability of folic acid during pregnancy . (d) viral infection during pregnancy . (e) All of the above 1–3 Both m ale insects (such as fruit flies and crickets) and songbirds (such as canaries ) produce species-specific songs in order to attract mates. What sorts of experiments could be used to determine whether these courtship behaviors are learned vs. innate? 1–4 Experiments in which juvenile or adult barn owls are fitted with prisms that cause a mismatch between auditory and visual stimuli demonstrate that: (a) owls that learned a task as juveniles can relearn it as adults, and novel tasks can still be learned in adulthood as long as training is more gradual . (b) neural plasticity —in this case, the abilit y to adjust the auditory map —is completely lost by the time the owls reach maturity . (c) owls that adjusted their auditory maps to large mismatches with the visual field as juveniles can still do so if fitted with prisms as adults . (d) naive adults fitted with prisms are able to adjust their auditory maps to large mismatches with the visual field . Page 2 of 169 (e) naive adults fitted with prisms are able to adjust their auditory maps in small increments . How Is the Nervous System Organized? 1–5 Arrange the following structures from the vertebrate CNS in order from anterior (rostral) to posterior (caudal): pons, cervical spine, lumbar spine, medulla, sacral spine, midbrain, thoracic spine 1–6 Indicate the name of the structur e found at each location in Figure Q1 –6. Figure Q1 –6 A. ____________ B. ____________ C. ____________ D. ____________ 1–7 Indicate whether each of t he following types of cells can be found in the central nervous system (CNS) , peripheral nervous system (PNS), or both . A. Oligodendrocytes B. Schwann cells C. Neurons D. Astrocytes E. Microglia 1–8 Early neuroscientists Camillo Golgi and Santiago Ramón y Cajal famously espoused two opposing theories regarding the organization of the nervous system. Golgi believed in the reticular theory, in w hich nerve cells were physically linked by their processes to form a giant net. What experimental e vidence supported the neuron doctrine instead? 1–9 Indicate whether each of the following characteristics is generally true for i nvertebrate ne rvous systems , vertebrate nervous systems, or both. A. Dendrites receive information via postsynaptic specializations . B. Axons often project to targets located far from the cell body . C. Neurons are unipolar, with one process bifurcating to form dendritic vs. axonal b ranches . D. The brain and spinal cord are located in the dorsal part of the body . E. Motor information generally flows from the CNS to the periphery . 1–10 Fill in each of the blanks with the best word or phrase selected from the list below. Not all words or phrases will be used; each word or phrase should be used only once. An action potential is a(n) ______________ transient change in neuronal membrane potential. Another important form of intraneuronal communication is a(n) _____________ (or local) potent ial, referring to ____________ changes in membrane potential. One type is a(n) _____________ potential, which is produced in response to neurotransmitter release by presynaptic partners. The other type is a(n) _____________ potential, which can be induced at peripheral nerve endings by sensory stimuli. Regardless of the source, inputs can be either excitatory or inhibitory. _____________ inputs facilitate action potential production by the Page 3 of 169 postsynaptic neuron, while _____________ inputs make it less likely. _____________ neurons do not fire action potentials at all. all-or-none graded chemical inhibitory continuous non-spiking electrical receptor excitatory synaptic 1–11 The intensity of a stimulus can be encoded by : (a) the amplitude of action potentials in a neuron . (b) the frequency of action potentials in a neuron . (c) the amplitude of graded potentials in a neuron . (d) b and c (e) All of the above 1–12 Information is transmitted between neurons by : (a) vesicular release, diffusion, and rece ption of molecules called neurotransmitters . (b) ion flow across gap junctions . (c) action potentials . (d) a and b (e) All of the above 1–13 In the simple knee -jerk reflex circuit ( Figure Q1 –13): Figure Q1 –13 (a) sensory neuron connectivity exemplifies divergent excitation . (b) sensory neuron axons terminate directly on the extensor muscles to stimulate contraction . (c) sensory neurons form monosynaptic connections with the flexor motor neurons . (d) sensory neuron excitation stimulates contraction of the flexor muscle . (e) All of the above Page 4 of 169 1–14 Figure Q1–14 shows commonly used circuit motifs. Identify the type of circuit motif featured in each of the following examples. Figure Q1 –14 A. In the vertebrate retina, afferent neurons excite inhibitory intern eurons that project onto the targets of their neighbors . B. Sensory neurons relay somatosensory stimuli to the primary somatosensory cortex via nuclei in the brainstem and thalamus . C. A class of cerebral cortical neurons inhibits other classes of inhibit ory neurons in the brain , indirectly increasing the activity of final targets. D. In the insect olfactory system, excitatory projection neuron axons project to two different brain structures, the mushroom body and the lateral horn. E. In the vertebrate kn ee-jerk reflex, two parallel excitatory pathways inhibit each other via inhibitory neuron intermediates. 1–15 Figure Q1 –15 shows the sensory and motor cortical homunculi in humans . In both cases: Figure Q1 –15