FUNDAMENTALS OF ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY
12TH EDITION
• AUTHOR(S)FREDERIC H. MARTINI;
JUDI L. NATH; EDWIN F.
BARTHOLOMEW
TEST BANK
MCQ 1
Reference: Ch. 1 — Levels of Organization — Structure–
Function Relationships
Question (Application/Analysis):
A student observes that damage to a small population of
specialized cells disrupts the function of an entire organ. To
correctly interpret this observation, the student must
understand how biological organization influences physiological
performance. Which explanation best accounts for the
observed outcome?
,Options:
A. Organs function independently of their component tissues
B. Cellular specialization limits adaptability at higher levels
C. Higher levels of organization depend on coordinated lower-
level functions
D. Chemical processes operate only at the cellular level
Correct Answer: C
Rationale (Correct):
Physiological function emerges from coordinated interactions
across levels of organization. When specialized cells are
impaired, tissue and organ function decline because higher
levels depend structurally and functionally on lower levels. This
reflects the hierarchical organization emphasized in anatomy
and physiology.
Rationales (Incorrect):
A. Incorrect because organs are composed of tissues and cells
that determine function.
B. Incorrect because specialization enhances, not limits, system-
level performance.
D. Incorrect because chemical processes occur at all
organizational levels.
Teaching Point:
Physiological function is hierarchical and emergent.
,Citation:
Martini, F. H., Nath, J. L., & Bartholomew, E. F. (2024).
Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology (12th ed.). Ch. 1.
MCQ 2
Reference: Ch. 1 — Homeostasis — Regulatory Mechanisms
Question:
During prolonged physical activity, internal temperature
remains within a narrow range despite increased heat
production. This outcome illustrates a fundamental
physiological principle. Which mechanism best explains this
stability?
Options:
A. Anatomical organization alone
B. Positive feedback amplification
C. Dynamic equilibrium maintained by regulation
D. Metabolic rate suppression
Correct Answer: C
Rationale (Correct):
Homeostasis reflects a dynamic equilibrium maintained through
regulatory mechanisms that counteract change. Temperature
stability results from coordinated responses that adjust heat
loss and production rather than eliminating variability.
, Rationales (Incorrect):
A. Structural organization alone does not regulate variables.
B. Positive feedback amplifies change, not stability.
D. Metabolism increases during activity rather than being
suppressed.
Teaching Point:
Homeostasis maintains stability, not constancy.
Citation:
Martini et al. (2024). Ch. 1.
MCQ 3
Reference: Ch. 1 — Negative Feedback — Functional Integration
Question:
A student confuses homeostasis with a fixed internal state.
Which observation best corrects this misconception?
Options:
A. Regulatory mechanisms maintain set points without
deviation
B. Variables fluctuate around an optimal range
C. Feedback systems operate only during stress
D. Homeostasis prevents all internal change
Correct Answer: B
Rationale (Correct):
Homeostatic regulation allows controlled fluctuations around a
PHYSIOLOGY
12TH EDITION
• AUTHOR(S)FREDERIC H. MARTINI;
JUDI L. NATH; EDWIN F.
BARTHOLOMEW
TEST BANK
MCQ 1
Reference: Ch. 1 — Levels of Organization — Structure–
Function Relationships
Question (Application/Analysis):
A student observes that damage to a small population of
specialized cells disrupts the function of an entire organ. To
correctly interpret this observation, the student must
understand how biological organization influences physiological
performance. Which explanation best accounts for the
observed outcome?
,Options:
A. Organs function independently of their component tissues
B. Cellular specialization limits adaptability at higher levels
C. Higher levels of organization depend on coordinated lower-
level functions
D. Chemical processes operate only at the cellular level
Correct Answer: C
Rationale (Correct):
Physiological function emerges from coordinated interactions
across levels of organization. When specialized cells are
impaired, tissue and organ function decline because higher
levels depend structurally and functionally on lower levels. This
reflects the hierarchical organization emphasized in anatomy
and physiology.
Rationales (Incorrect):
A. Incorrect because organs are composed of tissues and cells
that determine function.
B. Incorrect because specialization enhances, not limits, system-
level performance.
D. Incorrect because chemical processes occur at all
organizational levels.
Teaching Point:
Physiological function is hierarchical and emergent.
,Citation:
Martini, F. H., Nath, J. L., & Bartholomew, E. F. (2024).
Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology (12th ed.). Ch. 1.
MCQ 2
Reference: Ch. 1 — Homeostasis — Regulatory Mechanisms
Question:
During prolonged physical activity, internal temperature
remains within a narrow range despite increased heat
production. This outcome illustrates a fundamental
physiological principle. Which mechanism best explains this
stability?
Options:
A. Anatomical organization alone
B. Positive feedback amplification
C. Dynamic equilibrium maintained by regulation
D. Metabolic rate suppression
Correct Answer: C
Rationale (Correct):
Homeostasis reflects a dynamic equilibrium maintained through
regulatory mechanisms that counteract change. Temperature
stability results from coordinated responses that adjust heat
loss and production rather than eliminating variability.
, Rationales (Incorrect):
A. Structural organization alone does not regulate variables.
B. Positive feedback amplifies change, not stability.
D. Metabolism increases during activity rather than being
suppressed.
Teaching Point:
Homeostasis maintains stability, not constancy.
Citation:
Martini et al. (2024). Ch. 1.
MCQ 3
Reference: Ch. 1 — Negative Feedback — Functional Integration
Question:
A student confuses homeostasis with a fixed internal state.
Which observation best corrects this misconception?
Options:
A. Regulatory mechanisms maintain set points without
deviation
B. Variables fluctuate around an optimal range
C. Feedback systems operate only during stress
D. Homeostasis prevents all internal change
Correct Answer: B
Rationale (Correct):
Homeostatic regulation allows controlled fluctuations around a
