FUNDAMENTALS OF ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY
12TH EDITION
• AUTHOR(S)FREDERIC H. MARTINI;
JUDI L. NATH; EDWIN F.
BARTHOLOMEW
TEST BANK
1)
Reference
Ch. 1 — Definitions & Scope — Anatomy versus Physiology
Stem
A study group is designing a lab exercise. One student proposes
measuring how quickly a skeletal muscle fiber shortens in
response to varying loads, while another suggests mapping the
arrangement of fascicles within the same muscle. Which
student is emphasizing physiology, and which anatomy — and
,why does that distinction matter when choosing measurement
methods?
Options
A. Shortening study = anatomy; fascicle mapping = physiology
— because movement is structural.
B. Shortening study = physiology; fascicle mapping = anatomy
— because function examines processes and structure
examines form.
C. Both studies are anatomy — both require dissection or
imaging to observe.
D. Both studies are physiology — both investigate how the
muscle works.
Correct answer
B
Rationales
Correct (B): Measuring shortening under load probes muscle
function (physiology); mapping fascicle arrangement examines
form (anatomy). The distinction guides methods: functional
tests vs. imaging/dissection.
Incorrect (A): Reverses definitions; movement measurement
investigates mechanism, not solely structure.
Incorrect (C): Functional measurements do not require only
dissection/imaging — they require dynamic testing.
Incorrect (D): Structural mapping is anatomical; it does not by
itself measure process or mechanism.
,Teaching point
Anatomy describes structure; physiology explains processes and
mechanisms.
Citation
Martini, F. H., Nath, J. L., & Bartholomew, E. F. (2024).
Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology (12th ed.). Ch. 1.
2)
Reference
Ch. 1 — Levels of Organization — From atoms to organism
Stem
A student models how a change in extracellular ion
concentration affects whole-body muscle performance. Which
levels of organization must the student connect to build a valid
explanation, and why would skipping the cellular level produce
a weak argument?
Options
A. Tissue → organ → organism; cellular level unnecessary
because tissues determine function.
B. Atom → molecule → organ → organism; cells can be omitted
because molecules act directly on organs.
C. Chemical → cellular → tissue → organ → system → organism;
omitting cells breaks the mechanism linking molecules to tissue
behavior.
, D. Organ → system → organism; chemical and cellular levels are
irrelevant for whole-body performance.
Correct answer
C
Rationales
Correct (C): Valid explanation requires chemical → cellular →
tissue → organ → system → organism levels. Cells translate
ionic changes into altered membrane potentials and
contractility, which scale to tissues and organs.
Incorrect (A): Tissues depend on cellular behavior; skipping
cells ignores ionic effects on cellular excitability.
Incorrect (B): Molecules act through cells; organs cannot
directly sense molecular changes without cellular mediators.
Incorrect (D): Whole-body performance emerges from lower
levels; ignoring them misses causal mechanisms.
Teaching point
Physiological phenomena emerge by linking chemical → cellular
→ tissue → organ → system → organism.
Citation
Martini et al. (2024). Ch. 1.
3)
Reference
Ch. 1 — Structure–Function Relationship
PHYSIOLOGY
12TH EDITION
• AUTHOR(S)FREDERIC H. MARTINI;
JUDI L. NATH; EDWIN F.
BARTHOLOMEW
TEST BANK
1)
Reference
Ch. 1 — Definitions & Scope — Anatomy versus Physiology
Stem
A study group is designing a lab exercise. One student proposes
measuring how quickly a skeletal muscle fiber shortens in
response to varying loads, while another suggests mapping the
arrangement of fascicles within the same muscle. Which
student is emphasizing physiology, and which anatomy — and
,why does that distinction matter when choosing measurement
methods?
Options
A. Shortening study = anatomy; fascicle mapping = physiology
— because movement is structural.
B. Shortening study = physiology; fascicle mapping = anatomy
— because function examines processes and structure
examines form.
C. Both studies are anatomy — both require dissection or
imaging to observe.
D. Both studies are physiology — both investigate how the
muscle works.
Correct answer
B
Rationales
Correct (B): Measuring shortening under load probes muscle
function (physiology); mapping fascicle arrangement examines
form (anatomy). The distinction guides methods: functional
tests vs. imaging/dissection.
Incorrect (A): Reverses definitions; movement measurement
investigates mechanism, not solely structure.
Incorrect (C): Functional measurements do not require only
dissection/imaging — they require dynamic testing.
Incorrect (D): Structural mapping is anatomical; it does not by
itself measure process or mechanism.
,Teaching point
Anatomy describes structure; physiology explains processes and
mechanisms.
Citation
Martini, F. H., Nath, J. L., & Bartholomew, E. F. (2024).
Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology (12th ed.). Ch. 1.
2)
Reference
Ch. 1 — Levels of Organization — From atoms to organism
Stem
A student models how a change in extracellular ion
concentration affects whole-body muscle performance. Which
levels of organization must the student connect to build a valid
explanation, and why would skipping the cellular level produce
a weak argument?
Options
A. Tissue → organ → organism; cellular level unnecessary
because tissues determine function.
B. Atom → molecule → organ → organism; cells can be omitted
because molecules act directly on organs.
C. Chemical → cellular → tissue → organ → system → organism;
omitting cells breaks the mechanism linking molecules to tissue
behavior.
, D. Organ → system → organism; chemical and cellular levels are
irrelevant for whole-body performance.
Correct answer
C
Rationales
Correct (C): Valid explanation requires chemical → cellular →
tissue → organ → system → organism levels. Cells translate
ionic changes into altered membrane potentials and
contractility, which scale to tissues and organs.
Incorrect (A): Tissues depend on cellular behavior; skipping
cells ignores ionic effects on cellular excitability.
Incorrect (B): Molecules act through cells; organs cannot
directly sense molecular changes without cellular mediators.
Incorrect (D): Whole-body performance emerges from lower
levels; ignoring them misses causal mechanisms.
Teaching point
Physiological phenomena emerge by linking chemical → cellular
→ tissue → organ → system → organism.
Citation
Martini et al. (2024). Ch. 1.
3)
Reference
Ch. 1 — Structure–Function Relationship
