cardiac nurs 2030, cardio cardio x5 nurs 2030, cardiac x4
nurs 2030, cardia nurs 2030 x3, cardiac x2 nurs 2030-Q&A
Which side of the heart pumps The right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs, where the
deoxygenated blood to the lungs, and blood releases CO₂ and becomes higher in oxygen before returning to the left side
what happens to the oxygen levels there? of the heart.
What is cardiac preload? volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole
1. hypervolemia
preload is increase in 2. regurgitation of cardiac valves
3. heart faliure
What is cardiac afterload? the resistance the ventricle must overcome to pump blood out of the heart
afterload increased in hypertension and vasoconstriction
increased afterload = increased cardiac output
Volume of blood that stretches the ventricle at the end of diastole, just before onset
preload
of systole
preload gives us the =ventricular end-diastolic volume
and is determined by Determined by venous return (=volume of blood entering the RA)
Force that the contracting heart muscle must generate to eject blood from the filled
afterload is
ventricles
afterload is affected by peripheral vascular resistance and wall tension
Define contractility in the context of the Contractility is the ability of the myocardium to stretch and contract in response to
heart. the filling of the heart with blood.
Stroke volume is the amount of blood within the ventricle that is ejected with each
What is stroke volume?
contraction.
Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Measures the percentage of blood leaving the left ventricle each time it contracts.
What does it measure
, left ventricle ejection fraction for healthy 60 to 70
individual percentage 40
and heart faliure percentage
What is inotropic function? Inotropic function refers to the force of contraction of the cardiac muscle.
What is chronotropic function? increased heart rate
What is the formula for Blood Pressure BP = CO x PVR (Cardiac Output x Peripheral Vascular Resistance).
(BP)?
What does CO stand for in the BP formula CO stands for cardiac output and represents the volume of blood pumped per
and what does it represent? minute (ml/min).
What does PVR stand for in the BP formula PVR stands for peripheral vascular resistance and represents systemic vascular
and what does it represent? resistance.
PVR is __________vasconstriction increased
PVR is __________ vasodilation decreased
What is the formula for Cardiac Output CO = SV x HR (Stroke Volume x Heart Rate).
(CO)?
What is the average stroke volume (SV) for The average adult stroke volume (SV) is 70ml.
an adult?
What is the average cardiac output (CO) for The average adult cardiac output (CO) is 5 L/min.
an adult?
What is HR in the CO formula? HR is heart rate, measured in bpm or beats/min.
Combine the formulas for BP, CO, SV, and BP = (SV x HR) x PVR.
HR.
1)Sympathetic nervous system
Name the key regulatory systems for blood
2)Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
pressure.
3)Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
Decreased blood pressure → decreased stretch at baroreceptors (carotid sinus &
aortic arch) → brainstem detects drop → increases sympathetic nervous system
(SNS) activity → β1 receptors in the heart (↑ HR & contractility → ↑ CO) + α1 receptors
in vessels (vasoconstriction → ↑ PVR) → blood pressure increases back toward
normal.
What triggers the RAAS system to activate? A drop in blood pressure or low extracellular fluid volume.
What does the kidney release when blood Renin
pressure is low?
It causes vasoconstriction (tightens blood vessels) and stimulates aldosterone
What does angiotensin II do?
release.
How does aldosterone raise blood It makes the kidneys reabsorb sodium and water, increasing blood volume and
pressure? pressure.
Low blood pressure → ______ released Renin → Angiotensin I → Angiotensin II → Aldosterone
from kidney → converts angiotensinogen
to __________ → converted in lungs to __________
→ causes vasoconstriction & stimulates
release of ______ → kidneys reabsorb
sodium & water → blood pressure
increases.
nurs 2030, cardia nurs 2030 x3, cardiac x2 nurs 2030-Q&A
Which side of the heart pumps The right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs, where the
deoxygenated blood to the lungs, and blood releases CO₂ and becomes higher in oxygen before returning to the left side
what happens to the oxygen levels there? of the heart.
What is cardiac preload? volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole
1. hypervolemia
preload is increase in 2. regurgitation of cardiac valves
3. heart faliure
What is cardiac afterload? the resistance the ventricle must overcome to pump blood out of the heart
afterload increased in hypertension and vasoconstriction
increased afterload = increased cardiac output
Volume of blood that stretches the ventricle at the end of diastole, just before onset
preload
of systole
preload gives us the =ventricular end-diastolic volume
and is determined by Determined by venous return (=volume of blood entering the RA)
Force that the contracting heart muscle must generate to eject blood from the filled
afterload is
ventricles
afterload is affected by peripheral vascular resistance and wall tension
Define contractility in the context of the Contractility is the ability of the myocardium to stretch and contract in response to
heart. the filling of the heart with blood.
Stroke volume is the amount of blood within the ventricle that is ejected with each
What is stroke volume?
contraction.
Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Measures the percentage of blood leaving the left ventricle each time it contracts.
What does it measure
, left ventricle ejection fraction for healthy 60 to 70
individual percentage 40
and heart faliure percentage
What is inotropic function? Inotropic function refers to the force of contraction of the cardiac muscle.
What is chronotropic function? increased heart rate
What is the formula for Blood Pressure BP = CO x PVR (Cardiac Output x Peripheral Vascular Resistance).
(BP)?
What does CO stand for in the BP formula CO stands for cardiac output and represents the volume of blood pumped per
and what does it represent? minute (ml/min).
What does PVR stand for in the BP formula PVR stands for peripheral vascular resistance and represents systemic vascular
and what does it represent? resistance.
PVR is __________vasconstriction increased
PVR is __________ vasodilation decreased
What is the formula for Cardiac Output CO = SV x HR (Stroke Volume x Heart Rate).
(CO)?
What is the average stroke volume (SV) for The average adult stroke volume (SV) is 70ml.
an adult?
What is the average cardiac output (CO) for The average adult cardiac output (CO) is 5 L/min.
an adult?
What is HR in the CO formula? HR is heart rate, measured in bpm or beats/min.
Combine the formulas for BP, CO, SV, and BP = (SV x HR) x PVR.
HR.
1)Sympathetic nervous system
Name the key regulatory systems for blood
2)Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
pressure.
3)Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
Decreased blood pressure → decreased stretch at baroreceptors (carotid sinus &
aortic arch) → brainstem detects drop → increases sympathetic nervous system
(SNS) activity → β1 receptors in the heart (↑ HR & contractility → ↑ CO) + α1 receptors
in vessels (vasoconstriction → ↑ PVR) → blood pressure increases back toward
normal.
What triggers the RAAS system to activate? A drop in blood pressure or low extracellular fluid volume.
What does the kidney release when blood Renin
pressure is low?
It causes vasoconstriction (tightens blood vessels) and stimulates aldosterone
What does angiotensin II do?
release.
How does aldosterone raise blood It makes the kidneys reabsorb sodium and water, increasing blood volume and
pressure? pressure.
Low blood pressure → ______ released Renin → Angiotensin I → Angiotensin II → Aldosterone
from kidney → converts angiotensinogen
to __________ → converted in lungs to __________
→ causes vasoconstriction & stimulates
release of ______ → kidneys reabsorb
sodium & water → blood pressure
increases.
