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NURS 682: Pharmacology Midterm Review
Questions and Answers (100% Correct
Answers) Already Graded A+
what the body does to the drug (absorption, distribution, metabolism,
excretion) Ans: Pharmacokinetics
what the drug does to the body; mechanism of action
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Pharmacodynamic study= determining the effect of a specific
medication dose in treating a disease Ans: Pharmacodynamics
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-Percent of dose enter systemic circulation after PO administration
Fraction of the administered drug that reaches systemic circulation Ans:
Bioavailability
LESS drug there is in circulation and in the tissue, higher first pass effect
ex. Simvastatin Ans: Lower bioavailability
the more of the drug that reaches systemic circulation, Lower first pass
effect
ex. Atorvastatin Ans: Higher bioavailability
Time to maximum drug level observed Ans: Tmax
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maximum or peak concentration of drug observed after administration
Ans: Cmax
Vd = (amount of drug in the body) / (plasma drug concentration)
-distribution of a medication between plasma and the rest of the body;
the volume in which the amount of drug would need to be uniformly
distributed to produce the observed blood concentration
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ex. Vancomycin in serum testing for trough levels Ans: Volume of
distribution
-Healthy adults 20-30 vs. 60-80
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-Older adults get more dehydrated
-Medications that are lipophilic will stay longer in the older adult and
older adults get
-Liver shrinks with age and albumin is synthesized in the liver. There is freer
drug available in highly protein bound drugs—->Decrease in serum
albumin
-Most drugs are biotransformed in the liver, with older adults there is
slower transformation and longer half lives Ans: Volume of distribution:
age related changes
Aging
-less free water, more body fat
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-lower average serum albumin
Hydration Status
Compartment and volume Ans: Factors that influence volume of
distribution
Biostranformation and/or excretion of oral drug by hepatic mechanisms
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-occurs prior to entering GI tract
Drugs absorbed from the GI tract
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Extensive hepatic metabolism.extraciton
Ex. IV vs oral dosages Ans: First Pass Effect (pre-systemic elimination)
Works primarily by stimulating the activity of a receptor site
binds to a receptor, causes an effect similar to endogenous compound
Ans: Agonists
Clinical action= occupying a receptor site and inhibiting its endogenous
activity Ans: Antagonist
small differences in drug dose or blood concentration can be fatal
Any pharmaceutical which has <2-fold difference between the
minimum toxic concentration and minimum effective concentration in
blood Ans: Narrow therapeutic Index
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Greater distance between effective dose and toxic dose
Ex. Fluoxetine does NOT need drug monitoring Ans: Wide therapeutic
index
Drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
Influence dose requirements and/or adverse effects Ans:
Pharmacogenetics: PK genetic influences
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Drug targets: Receptors, transporters, intracellular signaling pathways,
enzymes and metabolic pathways
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Influence drug efficacy Ans: Pharmacogenetics: PD genetic influences
Ventricular repolarization prolongation
Ectopic beats with long pause follow by baseline rhythm beat with
marked prolonged QT interval
Underlying risk factors + Adding medications with QT prolonging effects
Known: Amiodarone, Haldol Ans: Drugs with QT prolongation
OLDER AGE Ans: Known risk of QT prolongaiton
Older adults have....
-less % body weight as water
1
NURS 682: Pharmacology Midterm Review
Questions and Answers (100% Correct
Answers) Already Graded A+
what the body does to the drug (absorption, distribution, metabolism,
excretion) Ans: Pharmacokinetics
what the drug does to the body; mechanism of action
© 2026 Assignment Expert
Pharmacodynamic study= determining the effect of a specific
medication dose in treating a disease Ans: Pharmacodynamics
Guru01 - Stuvia
-Percent of dose enter systemic circulation after PO administration
Fraction of the administered drug that reaches systemic circulation Ans:
Bioavailability
LESS drug there is in circulation and in the tissue, higher first pass effect
ex. Simvastatin Ans: Lower bioavailability
the more of the drug that reaches systemic circulation, Lower first pass
effect
ex. Atorvastatin Ans: Higher bioavailability
Time to maximum drug level observed Ans: Tmax
,For Expert help and assignment handling,
2
maximum or peak concentration of drug observed after administration
Ans: Cmax
Vd = (amount of drug in the body) / (plasma drug concentration)
-distribution of a medication between plasma and the rest of the body;
the volume in which the amount of drug would need to be uniformly
distributed to produce the observed blood concentration
© 2026 Assignment Expert
ex. Vancomycin in serum testing for trough levels Ans: Volume of
distribution
-Healthy adults 20-30 vs. 60-80
Guru01 - Stuvia
-Older adults get more dehydrated
-Medications that are lipophilic will stay longer in the older adult and
older adults get
-Liver shrinks with age and albumin is synthesized in the liver. There is freer
drug available in highly protein bound drugs—->Decrease in serum
albumin
-Most drugs are biotransformed in the liver, with older adults there is
slower transformation and longer half lives Ans: Volume of distribution:
age related changes
Aging
-less free water, more body fat
,For Expert help and assignment handling,
3
-lower average serum albumin
Hydration Status
Compartment and volume Ans: Factors that influence volume of
distribution
Biostranformation and/or excretion of oral drug by hepatic mechanisms
© 2026 Assignment Expert
-occurs prior to entering GI tract
Drugs absorbed from the GI tract
Guru01 - Stuvia
Extensive hepatic metabolism.extraciton
Ex. IV vs oral dosages Ans: First Pass Effect (pre-systemic elimination)
Works primarily by stimulating the activity of a receptor site
binds to a receptor, causes an effect similar to endogenous compound
Ans: Agonists
Clinical action= occupying a receptor site and inhibiting its endogenous
activity Ans: Antagonist
small differences in drug dose or blood concentration can be fatal
Any pharmaceutical which has <2-fold difference between the
minimum toxic concentration and minimum effective concentration in
blood Ans: Narrow therapeutic Index
, For Expert help and assignment handling,
4
Greater distance between effective dose and toxic dose
Ex. Fluoxetine does NOT need drug monitoring Ans: Wide therapeutic
index
Drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
Influence dose requirements and/or adverse effects Ans:
Pharmacogenetics: PK genetic influences
© 2026 Assignment Expert
Drug targets: Receptors, transporters, intracellular signaling pathways,
enzymes and metabolic pathways
Guru01 - Stuvia
Influence drug efficacy Ans: Pharmacogenetics: PD genetic influences
Ventricular repolarization prolongation
Ectopic beats with long pause follow by baseline rhythm beat with
marked prolonged QT interval
Underlying risk factors + Adding medications with QT prolonging effects
Known: Amiodarone, Haldol Ans: Drugs with QT prolongation
OLDER AGE Ans: Known risk of QT prolongaiton
Older adults have....
-less % body weight as water
