NBME CBSE ACtuAl ExAM (2025/2026): lAtESt
VERSION WItH VERIFIED QuEStIONS AND ACCuRAtE,
DEtAIlED ANSWERS FROM tRuStED SOuRCES.
1. Antagonists - ANSWER Block receptors
2. Competitive Antagonists - ANSWER Cause a right shift in the dose-
response curve, same maximum effect
3. Noncompetitive Antagonists - ANSWER Decrease maximum effect of the
agonist
4. Efficacy - ANSWER Maximum response of a drug, higher is better
5. Potency - ANSWER Dose needed for a drug to achieve its effect, higher
means lower dose required
6. Michaelis-Menten Curve - ANSWER Describes the rate of enzymatic
reactions
7. Km - ANSWER Concentration of substrate at half of Vmax
8. Competitive Inhibitors - ANSWER Increase Km, do not affect Vmax
,9. Noncompetitive Inhibitors - ANSWER Decrease Vmax, do not affect Km
10.cAMP (Gs) - ANSWER Involved in signaling pathways for β1/2, H2, D1,
TSH, PTH, ACTH, FSH, LH
11.IP3 (Gq) - ANSWER Involved in signaling pathways for α1, M1/3, H1,
GnRH, TRH
12.Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) - ANSWER Signaling pathway for Insulin, IGF-1,
FGF
13.JAK-STAT Pathway - ANSWER Signaling pathway for GH, Prolactin, EPO,
G-CSF
14.CD4⁺ T Cells - ANSWER Subtypes include TH1, TH2, TH17, and Treg,
each with specific functions in immune response.
15.TH1 - ANSWER Activates macrophages through IL-12 leading to IFN-γ
production.
16.TH2 - ANSWER Activates eosinophils and promotes IgE production via IL-
4, IL-5, and IL-13.
17.TH17 - ANSWER Recruits neutrophils through IL-17.
18.Treg - ANSWER Suppresses immune responses using IL-10 and TGF-β.
,19.CD8⁺ T Cells - ANSWER Responsible for cytotoxic killing via
perforin/granzymes or FasL.
20.B Cell Activation - ANSWER Requires CD40-CD40L interaction and IL-
4/IL-5 from CD4⁺ T cells.
21.Class Switching - ANSWER The process where B cells change the class of
antibody they produce, influenced by cytokines.
22.IL-4 - ANSWER Promotes class switching to IgE and IgG.
23.IL-5 - ANSWER Promotes class switching to IgA.
24.Antibody Types - ANSWER Includes IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, and IgD, each
with distinct functions.
25.IgM - ANSWER The first antibody produced; exists as a pentamer.
26.IgG - ANSWER The most abundant antibody in circulation; can cross the
placenta.
27.IgA - ANSWER Provides mucosal immunity.
28.IgE - ANSWER Involved in allergic reactions and defense against parasites.
, 29.IgD - ANSWER Function is unclear.
30.Cell Cycle Phases - ANSWER G1 → S → G2 → M
31.G1/S Checkpoint - ANSWER Controlled by Rb protein
32.G2/M Checkpoint - ANSWER Controlled by p53 protein
33.p53/p21 - ANSWER Tumor suppressors
34.Cyclins/CDKs - ANSWER Regulate progression of the cell cycle
35.Rb phosphorylation - ANSWER Promotes cell cycle progression
36.Bioavailability (F) - ANSWER Fraction of drug reaching systemic
circulation
37.Half-life (t½) - ANSWER t½ = 0.693 × Vd / CL
38.Volume of Distribution (Vd) - ANSWER Increases for lipophilic drugs
39.Clearance (CL) - ANSWER CL = Rate of elimination / [Drug]
40.Loading Dose (LD) - ANSWER LD = Cp × Vd / F
VERSION WItH VERIFIED QuEStIONS AND ACCuRAtE,
DEtAIlED ANSWERS FROM tRuStED SOuRCES.
1. Antagonists - ANSWER Block receptors
2. Competitive Antagonists - ANSWER Cause a right shift in the dose-
response curve, same maximum effect
3. Noncompetitive Antagonists - ANSWER Decrease maximum effect of the
agonist
4. Efficacy - ANSWER Maximum response of a drug, higher is better
5. Potency - ANSWER Dose needed for a drug to achieve its effect, higher
means lower dose required
6. Michaelis-Menten Curve - ANSWER Describes the rate of enzymatic
reactions
7. Km - ANSWER Concentration of substrate at half of Vmax
8. Competitive Inhibitors - ANSWER Increase Km, do not affect Vmax
,9. Noncompetitive Inhibitors - ANSWER Decrease Vmax, do not affect Km
10.cAMP (Gs) - ANSWER Involved in signaling pathways for β1/2, H2, D1,
TSH, PTH, ACTH, FSH, LH
11.IP3 (Gq) - ANSWER Involved in signaling pathways for α1, M1/3, H1,
GnRH, TRH
12.Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) - ANSWER Signaling pathway for Insulin, IGF-1,
FGF
13.JAK-STAT Pathway - ANSWER Signaling pathway for GH, Prolactin, EPO,
G-CSF
14.CD4⁺ T Cells - ANSWER Subtypes include TH1, TH2, TH17, and Treg,
each with specific functions in immune response.
15.TH1 - ANSWER Activates macrophages through IL-12 leading to IFN-γ
production.
16.TH2 - ANSWER Activates eosinophils and promotes IgE production via IL-
4, IL-5, and IL-13.
17.TH17 - ANSWER Recruits neutrophils through IL-17.
18.Treg - ANSWER Suppresses immune responses using IL-10 and TGF-β.
,19.CD8⁺ T Cells - ANSWER Responsible for cytotoxic killing via
perforin/granzymes or FasL.
20.B Cell Activation - ANSWER Requires CD40-CD40L interaction and IL-
4/IL-5 from CD4⁺ T cells.
21.Class Switching - ANSWER The process where B cells change the class of
antibody they produce, influenced by cytokines.
22.IL-4 - ANSWER Promotes class switching to IgE and IgG.
23.IL-5 - ANSWER Promotes class switching to IgA.
24.Antibody Types - ANSWER Includes IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, and IgD, each
with distinct functions.
25.IgM - ANSWER The first antibody produced; exists as a pentamer.
26.IgG - ANSWER The most abundant antibody in circulation; can cross the
placenta.
27.IgA - ANSWER Provides mucosal immunity.
28.IgE - ANSWER Involved in allergic reactions and defense against parasites.
, 29.IgD - ANSWER Function is unclear.
30.Cell Cycle Phases - ANSWER G1 → S → G2 → M
31.G1/S Checkpoint - ANSWER Controlled by Rb protein
32.G2/M Checkpoint - ANSWER Controlled by p53 protein
33.p53/p21 - ANSWER Tumor suppressors
34.Cyclins/CDKs - ANSWER Regulate progression of the cell cycle
35.Rb phosphorylation - ANSWER Promotes cell cycle progression
36.Bioavailability (F) - ANSWER Fraction of drug reaching systemic
circulation
37.Half-life (t½) - ANSWER t½ = 0.693 × Vd / CL
38.Volume of Distribution (Vd) - ANSWER Increases for lipophilic drugs
39.Clearance (CL) - ANSWER CL = Rate of elimination / [Drug]
40.Loading Dose (LD) - ANSWER LD = Cp × Vd / F
