NUR 328 Exam 1 (UAB) Exam
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Empiric therapy - ANSWER ✓ drug therapy that is initiated before the obtaining a
definite diagnosis
culture and sensitivity - ANSWER ✓ growing microorganisms in isolation in
order to determine which drugs it might respond to
Mean Inhibitory Concentration - ANSWER ✓ lowest concentration of drug
needed to inhibit the growth of the organism
profalaxis - ANSWER ✓ preventing an infection before it occurs
bactericidal - ANSWER ✓ kill microbes directly
Bacteriostatic - ANSWER ✓ prevent microbes from growing
Narrow spectrum antibiotics - ANSWER ✓ effective for narrow group of bacteria
broad spectrum antibiotics - ANSWER ✓ antibiotics that affect a broad range of
gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria
Gram-negative bacteria - ANSWER ✓ -include lipopolysaccharide layer
-harder to treat
-seen in hospital acquired infections
-mutate quickly
, Gram-positive bacteria - ANSWER ✓ -thick cell wall composed primarily of
peptidoglycan and cell membrane
-easier to treat
-seen in community acquired infections
-mutate slowly
Kirby-Bauer method - ANSWER ✓ used to determine the sensitivity or resistance
of a bacterium to an antimicrobial
combination therapy indications include: - ANSWER ✓ -infections caused by
multiple organisms
-nosocomial infections
-serious infections
-drug resistant organisms likely
-immune system suppression
ALL antibiotics have these side effects - ANSWER ✓ -hypersensitivity reactions
-GI symptoms
-headache
-have the ability of interfering with birth control
-pt teaching should include instructions to take all of the medication
Beta Lactams - ANSWER ✓ -Penicillins
-Cephalosporins
-Carbapenems
-Monobactams
*ALL* Beta Lactams: - ANSWER ✓ -inhibit cell wall synthesis
-have Beta Lactam ring that must be intact to work
cross-allergenicity - ANSWER ✓ allergy to a drug of another class with a similar
chemical structure to the original drug
beta lactam antibacterial agents: penicillins - ANSWER ✓ Amoxicillin
Amoxicillin - ANSWER ✓ -action: inhibits cell wall synthesis
-use: broad spectrum
, -adverse effects: GI and opportunistic infections; hypersensitivity reactions;
diarrhea; superinfection; nausea; vomiting; glossitis; stomatitis; bone marrow
suppression; rash; fever; lethargy
-nursing implications: IM injections deep into a large muscle to decrease tissue
irritation; IV dilute and give over 30-60 minutes; take on *empty stomach*
-evaluate: renal function (BUN and creatinine) and bowel function
-contraindications: allergy
beta lactam antibacterial agent: cephalosporins - ANSWER ✓ Cefaclor
Cefeclor - ANSWER ✓ -action: inhibits cell wall synthesis
-use: narrow spectrum; treatment of susceptible bacteria
-adverse effects: superinfection; pseudomembranous colitis; CNS symptoms
(headache, lethargy, dizziness, paresthesias)
-contraindications: cross-allergy; kidney/liver dysfunction
-nursing indications: decrease prothrombin activity
-drug indications: aminoglycoside --> nephrotoxicity; oral coagulants --> bleeding;
no ETOH (alcohol) for 72 hours after the final dose --> difulfirum reaction
-discontinue if bloody diarrhea or abdominal pain occurs
beta lactase antimicrobial agents: carbapenems - ANSWER ✓ ertapenem
Ertapenem - ANSWER ✓ -action: inhibits cell wall synthesis
-use: broad spectrum
-adverse effects: pseudomembranous colitis; superinfection; CNS effects
(headache, dizziness, altered mental status); C. diff diarrhea; toxic GI effects;
nausea and vomiting; rash
-contraindications: allergy; seizure disorder; lactation
-interactions: valproic acid
beta lactam antibacterial agent: monobactam - ANSWER ✓ azactam
Azactam - ANSWER ✓ -action: inhibits cell wall synthesis
-use: gram negative enterobacteria
-adverse effects: rare; hepatic enzyme elevation
-contraindications: cross-allergy; caution in kidney and liver dysfunction;
pregnant/lactating women
-drug interactions: not compatible in-line with other drugs
Questions with Correct
Answers||100% Guaranteed
Pass!!||Updated 2026/2027
Syllabus||Already Graded
A+||<<NEWEST VERSION>>
Empiric therapy - ANSWER ✓ drug therapy that is initiated before the obtaining a
definite diagnosis
culture and sensitivity - ANSWER ✓ growing microorganisms in isolation in
order to determine which drugs it might respond to
Mean Inhibitory Concentration - ANSWER ✓ lowest concentration of drug
needed to inhibit the growth of the organism
profalaxis - ANSWER ✓ preventing an infection before it occurs
bactericidal - ANSWER ✓ kill microbes directly
Bacteriostatic - ANSWER ✓ prevent microbes from growing
Narrow spectrum antibiotics - ANSWER ✓ effective for narrow group of bacteria
broad spectrum antibiotics - ANSWER ✓ antibiotics that affect a broad range of
gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria
Gram-negative bacteria - ANSWER ✓ -include lipopolysaccharide layer
-harder to treat
-seen in hospital acquired infections
-mutate quickly
, Gram-positive bacteria - ANSWER ✓ -thick cell wall composed primarily of
peptidoglycan and cell membrane
-easier to treat
-seen in community acquired infections
-mutate slowly
Kirby-Bauer method - ANSWER ✓ used to determine the sensitivity or resistance
of a bacterium to an antimicrobial
combination therapy indications include: - ANSWER ✓ -infections caused by
multiple organisms
-nosocomial infections
-serious infections
-drug resistant organisms likely
-immune system suppression
ALL antibiotics have these side effects - ANSWER ✓ -hypersensitivity reactions
-GI symptoms
-headache
-have the ability of interfering with birth control
-pt teaching should include instructions to take all of the medication
Beta Lactams - ANSWER ✓ -Penicillins
-Cephalosporins
-Carbapenems
-Monobactams
*ALL* Beta Lactams: - ANSWER ✓ -inhibit cell wall synthesis
-have Beta Lactam ring that must be intact to work
cross-allergenicity - ANSWER ✓ allergy to a drug of another class with a similar
chemical structure to the original drug
beta lactam antibacterial agents: penicillins - ANSWER ✓ Amoxicillin
Amoxicillin - ANSWER ✓ -action: inhibits cell wall synthesis
-use: broad spectrum
, -adverse effects: GI and opportunistic infections; hypersensitivity reactions;
diarrhea; superinfection; nausea; vomiting; glossitis; stomatitis; bone marrow
suppression; rash; fever; lethargy
-nursing implications: IM injections deep into a large muscle to decrease tissue
irritation; IV dilute and give over 30-60 minutes; take on *empty stomach*
-evaluate: renal function (BUN and creatinine) and bowel function
-contraindications: allergy
beta lactam antibacterial agent: cephalosporins - ANSWER ✓ Cefaclor
Cefeclor - ANSWER ✓ -action: inhibits cell wall synthesis
-use: narrow spectrum; treatment of susceptible bacteria
-adverse effects: superinfection; pseudomembranous colitis; CNS symptoms
(headache, lethargy, dizziness, paresthesias)
-contraindications: cross-allergy; kidney/liver dysfunction
-nursing indications: decrease prothrombin activity
-drug indications: aminoglycoside --> nephrotoxicity; oral coagulants --> bleeding;
no ETOH (alcohol) for 72 hours after the final dose --> difulfirum reaction
-discontinue if bloody diarrhea or abdominal pain occurs
beta lactase antimicrobial agents: carbapenems - ANSWER ✓ ertapenem
Ertapenem - ANSWER ✓ -action: inhibits cell wall synthesis
-use: broad spectrum
-adverse effects: pseudomembranous colitis; superinfection; CNS effects
(headache, dizziness, altered mental status); C. diff diarrhea; toxic GI effects;
nausea and vomiting; rash
-contraindications: allergy; seizure disorder; lactation
-interactions: valproic acid
beta lactam antibacterial agent: monobactam - ANSWER ✓ azactam
Azactam - ANSWER ✓ -action: inhibits cell wall synthesis
-use: gram negative enterobacteria
-adverse effects: rare; hepatic enzyme elevation
-contraindications: cross-allergy; caution in kidney and liver dysfunction;
pregnant/lactating women
-drug interactions: not compatible in-line with other drugs
