1. Determinants of cardiac output The cardiac output (CO) is the volume of blood ejected by the left ventricle every minute. CO is determined by heart rate (HR) × stroke volume (SV). HR affects the CO when it is either too slow or too fast. Stroke volume is the volume of blood ejected from each ventricle w/each heartbeat.  Cardiac output (CO)- Amt. Of blood ejected by heart each minute. The normal value is 4 to 6 L/min o HR × SV  Heart rate o Too fast or slow affects CO o Tac...

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