Pathophysiology NURS 231 – Module 7 Exam with Complete Answers and Explanations

Pathophysiology Module 7
Upperilower,imiddle,iloweriGIitractiandiaccessoryi-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiiupper:imouth,iesophagus,istomach



middle:iduodenum,ijejunum,iileum

lower:icecum,icolon,irectum

accessory:isalivaryiglands,iliver,ipancreas

whatidigestionistartsiinitheistomachi-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiicarbiandiproteinidigestioni(byipepsin)



GIitractifunctioni-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiiDigestsifood,iabsorbsinutrientsiandiwateriintoitheiblood,iandieliminatesiwaste



Whatirole(s)idoesitheiliveriserve?i-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiiproducesibile



metabolizesihormonesiandidrugs

synthesizeiproteins,iglucose,iclottingifactors

storesivitaminsiandimineralsi

changesiammoniaitoiurea

convertsifattyiacidsitoiketones

storesiglycogen

convertiexcessicarbsitoitriglyceridesiforistorage

Whatiisitheistructureiandifunctioniofithei4ilayersiofitheiGIiwall?i-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiiMucosalilayer:iProducesimucusithatilubricatesiandiprotectsitheilumen.iSecretesidigestiveienzym

esiandisubstancesithatibreakidownifood;iAbsorbsitheibreakdowniproductsiofidigestion;iMaintainsibarrie
riforitoxins.

Submucosalilayer:ibloodivessels,inerves,iandistructuresitoisecreteidigestiveienzymes.

Muscularisiexterna:iinnericircularlyiarrangedismoothimuscleicellsiandianiouterilayeriofilongitudinallyia
rrangedismoothimuscleilayers.iHelpimoveisubstances.i


Serosalilayer:iwhichiisiaiserousimembrane;ioutermostilayeriofiorgans,icalleditheivisceraliperitoneum.

Whatiisitheimesentery?i-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiidoubleilayeriofiperitoneumithatienclosesiaiportioniorialliofioneiofitheiabdominalivisceraiandiattac

hesiititoitheiabdominaliwall.i

, bloodivessels,inerves,iandilymphaticivesselsithatisupplyitheiintestinaliwall.iholdsiorgansiiniplaceiandisto
resifat

whatiisibileineededifor?i-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiifatidigestioniandiabsorption.



formedifromicholesterol

Whatiisitheiomentum?i-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiidouble-

layerediextensioniorifoldiofiperitoneumithatipassesifromitheistomachitoiadjacentiorgansiinitheiabdomina
licavityioriwall.i

greateriomentumiconnectsistomachitoitransverseicolon

lesseriomentumiconnectsiliveriandistomach

rhythmicivs.itonicimovementsi-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiiRhythmicimovementsiareiintermittenticontractionsithatihelpitoimixiandimoveifoodialong.iTheyia

reifoundiinitheiesophagus,iantrumiofitheistomach,iandismalliintestine.i

Tonicimovementsihaveiaiconstantilevelioficontractionioritoneiwithoutiregulariperiodsiofirelaxation.iThe
yiareilocatediinitheiloweriesophagus,itheiupperiregioniofitheistomach,itheiileocecalivalve,ianditheiinterna
lianalisphincter.

Whatiisitheientericinervousisystem?i-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiiAinetworkiofinerveifiberiandiganglionifoundiinitheiGIitract.iMadeiupibyimyentericiandisubmucos

aliplexuses.i

Interneuronsiconnectiafferentisensoryifibers,iefferentimotoriresponses,iandisecretoryicells.

Whatiareitheimyentericiandisubmucosaliplexuses?i-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiimyentericiplexus:ilinearichainiofiinterconnectingineuronsilocatedibetweenitheicirculariandilongit

udinalimuscleilayers.iItiisiinvolvediwithiGIimotility.

submucosaliplexus:iliesibetweenitheimucosaliandimuscleilayersiofitheiintestinaliwall.iInvolvediwithicon
trollingisecretions,iabsorption,iandicontractioniofieachisegmentiofitheiintestinalitract.

smoothimuscleigapijunctionsi-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiielectricallyicouplesicellsibyiallowingitheielectricalisignalsitoimoveirapidlyifromioneifiberitoithein

extitoiinitiateimuscleicontractions

interstitialicellsiofiCajali-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiipacemakericellsithatigiveirhythmicislowiwaves



GIitractiregulationi-i
iiiiiiiii☑️
iiiiparasympathetic:ivagusinervei



sympathetic:ileadsitoidecreasediGIimotility

howidoesitheistomachichurnifoodi-i