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Table of content
CHAPTER. 1 Introduction to Statistics .............................................................................................................................15
1.1 An Overview of Statistics ...............................................................................................................................................15
1 Distinguish Between a Population and a Sample ..............................................................................................15
Identify the population and the sample. ................................................................................................................ 15
2 Distinguish Between a Parameter and a Statistic ..............................................................................................15
Determine whether the numerical value is a parameter or a statistic. Explain your reasoning. .............15
3 Distinguish Between Descriptive Statistics and Inferential Statistics ........................................................... 15
Identify whether the statement describes inferential statistics or descriptive statistics. .............................15
4 Concepts ...................................................................................................................................................................... 15
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................15
1.2 Data Classification .......................................................................................................................................................... 16
1Distinguish Between Qualitative and Quantitative Data....................................................................................16
Determine whether the data are qualitative or quantitative. .............................................................................16
2Classify Data with Respect to the Four Levels of Measurement .................................................................... 16
Identify the data setʹs level of measurement. ........................................................................................................ 16
3 Concepts..................................................................................................................................................................... 18
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................18
1.3 Data Collection and Experimental Design................................................................................................................. 18
1Decide on Methods of Data Collection .................................................................................................................. 18
Decide which method of data collection you would use to collect data for the study. Specify either
observation al study, experiment, simulation, or survey. ................................................................................... 18
2Identify a Biased Sample ..........................................................................................................................................19
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................19
3Identify Sampling Techniques ..................................................................................................................................19
Identify the sampling technique used..................................................................................................................... 19
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................20
4 Concepts..................................................................................................................................................................... 20
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................20
1.1 An Overview of Statistics ...............................................................................................................................................21
1 Distinguish Between a Population and a Sample ..............................................................................................21
2 Distinguish Between a Parameter and a Statistic ..............................................................................................21
3 Distinguish Between Descriptive Statistics and Inferential Statistics ........................................................... 21
4 Concepts ...................................................................................................................................................................... 21
1.2 Data Classification .......................................................................................................................................................... 21
1 Distinguish Between Qualitative and Quantitative Data..................................................................................21
2 Classify Data with Respect to the Four Levels of Measurement ................................................................... 21
3 Concepts ...................................................................................................................................................................... 21
1.3 Data Collection and Experimental Design................................................................................................................. 23
1 Decide on Methods of Data Collection................................................................................................................ 23
2 Identify a Biased Sample .........................................................................................................................................23
3 Identify Sampling Techniques ................................................................................................................................ 23
4 Concepts ...................................................................................................................................................................... 23
CHAPTER. 2 Descriptive Statistics ........................................................................................................................... 24
2.1 Frequency Distributions and Their Graphs ............................................................................................................... 24
1Interpret a Frequency Distribution ......................................................................................................................... 24
4) Miles (per day)......................................................................................................................................................... 25
5) Weight (in pounds) ................................................................................................................................................. 26
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................26
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3Construct a Frequency Distribution from Data Set............................................................................................27
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................27
The grade point averages for 40 students are listed below. ............................................................................. 27
The Highway Patrol, using radar, checked the speeds (in mph) of 30 passing motorists at a checkpoint.
The results are listed below. ..................................................................................................................................... 28
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................28
4 Concepts..................................................................................................................................................................... 28
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................28
2.2 More Graphs and Displays ............................................................................................................................................28
1 Interpret Data Sets................................................................................................................................................... 28
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................28
2 Graph Data Sets........................................................................................................................................................ 30
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................30
2.3 Measures of Central Tendency ..................................................................................................................................... 33
1 Interpret the Graph of a Distribution.................................................................................................................. 33
For the given data , construct a frequency distribution and frequency histogram of the data using five
classes. Des cribe the shape of the histogram as symmetric, uniform, skewed left, or skewed right. ... 33
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................34
2 Find the Mean, Median, and Mode...................................................................................................................... 35
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................35
3 Find the Weighted Mean.........................................................................................................................................37
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................37
4 Find the Mean of Grouped Data........................................................................................................................... 37
Approximate the mean of the grouped data......................................................................................................... 37
5 Concept s......................................................................................................................................................................38
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................38
2.4 Measures of Variation .................................................................................................................................................... 39
1 Find Measures of Variation .................................................................................................................................... 39
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................39
2 Interpret Data............................................................................................................................................................ 41
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................41
3 Compare Two Data Sets.......................................................................................................................................... 41
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................41
4 Use the Empirical Rule............................................................................................................................................41
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................41
5 Use Chebychevʹs Theorem.......................................................................................................................................43
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................43
6 Use Grouped Data to Calculate a Mean and Standard Deviation.................................................................43
Use the grouped data formulas to find the indicated mean or standard deviation. ................................... 43
7 Use Formulas to Analyze Data.............................................................................................................................. 46
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................46
2.5 Measures of Position...................................................................................................................................................... 46
1 Create or Interpret a Box-and-whisker Plot.......................................................................................................46
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................46
2 Calculate or Compare z-scores ...............................................................................................................................48
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................48
3 Find the Midquartile ................................................................................................................................................ 49
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................49
4 Find a Percentile ....................................................................................................................................................... 49
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................49
5 Concepts ...................................................................................................................................................................... 50
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Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................50
2.1 Frequency Distributions and Their Graphs ............................................................................................................... 51
1 Interpret a Frequency Distribution ....................................................................................................................... 51
2 Interpret Frequency Distribution Graphs ............................................................................................................ 51
4) Height (in inches) .................................................................................................................................................... 53
6) Miles (per day)......................................................................................................................................................... 54
3 Construct a Frequency Distribution from Data Set.......................................................................................... 54
4 Concepts ...................................................................................................................................................................... 59
2.2 More Graphs and Displays ............................................................................................................................................59
1 Interpret Data Sets................................................................................................................................................... 59
2 Graph Data Sets........................................................................................................................................................ 60
2.3 Measures of Central Tendency ..................................................................................................................................... 66
1 Interpret the Graph of a Distribution.................................................................................................................. 66
2 Find the Mean, Median, and Mode...................................................................................................................... 67
3 Find the Weighted Mean.........................................................................................................................................67
4 Find the Mean of Grouped Data........................................................................................................................... 67
5 Concepts ...................................................................................................................................................................... 67
2.4 Measures of Variation .................................................................................................................................................... 67
1 Find Measures of Variation .................................................................................................................................... 67
2 Interpret Data............................................................................................................................................................ 67
3 Compare Two Data Sets.......................................................................................................................................... 67
4 Use the Empirical Rule............................................................................................................................................69
5 Use Chebychevʹs Theorem.......................................................................................................................................69
6 Use Grouped Data to Calculate a Mean and Standard Deviation .................................................................69
7 Use Formulas to Analyze Data.............................................................................................................................. 69
2.5 Measures of Position...................................................................................................................................................... 69
1 Create or Interpret a Box-and-whisker Plot.......................................................................................................69
2 Calculate or Compare z-scores ...............................................................................................................................70
3 Find the Midquartile .................................................................................................................................................70
4 Find a Percentile ....................................................................................................................................................... 70
5 Concepts ...................................................................................................................................................................... 70
CHAPTER. 3 Probability ............................................................................................................................................ 71
3.1 Basic Concepts of Probability and Counting ..............................................................................................................71
1 Find Probabilities ...................................................................................................................................................... 71
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................71
2 Identify the Sample Space.......................................................................................................................................75
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................75
3 Identify Simple Events ............................................................................................................................................. 76
Determine the number of outcomes in the event. Then decide whether the event is a simple event or
not. Explain yo ur reasoning. .................................................................................................................................... 76
4 Use Fundamental Counting Principle ...................................................................................................................77
Use the fundamental counting principle to solve the problem. ....................................................................... 77
5 Classify Types of Probability...................................................................................................................................77
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................77
6 Determine Odds.........................................................................................................................................................78
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................78
7 Concepts ...................................................................................................................................................................... 78
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................78
3.2 Conditional Probability and the Multiplication Rule............................................................................................... 79
1Determine Between Independent and Dependent Events ................................................................................. 79
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................79
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Table of content
CHAPTER. 1 Introduction to Statistics .............................................................................................................................15
1.1 An Overview of Statistics ...............................................................................................................................................15
1 Distinguish Between a Population and a Sample ..............................................................................................15
Identify the population and the sample. ................................................................................................................ 15
2 Distinguish Between a Parameter and a Statistic ..............................................................................................15
Determine whether the numerical value is a parameter or a statistic. Explain your reasoning. .............15
3 Distinguish Between Descriptive Statistics and Inferential Statistics ........................................................... 15
Identify whether the statement describes inferential statistics or descriptive statistics. .............................15
4 Concepts ...................................................................................................................................................................... 15
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................15
1.2 Data Classification .......................................................................................................................................................... 16
1Distinguish Between Qualitative and Quantitative Data....................................................................................16
Determine whether the data are qualitative or quantitative. .............................................................................16
2Classify Data with Respect to the Four Levels of Measurement .................................................................... 16
Identify the data setʹs level of measurement. ........................................................................................................ 16
3 Concepts..................................................................................................................................................................... 18
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................18
1.3 Data Collection and Experimental Design................................................................................................................. 18
1Decide on Methods of Data Collection .................................................................................................................. 18
Decide which method of data collection you would use to collect data for the study. Specify either
observation al study, experiment, simulation, or survey. ................................................................................... 18
2Identify a Biased Sample ..........................................................................................................................................19
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................19
3Identify Sampling Techniques ..................................................................................................................................19
Identify the sampling technique used..................................................................................................................... 19
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................20
4 Concepts..................................................................................................................................................................... 20
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................20
1.1 An Overview of Statistics ...............................................................................................................................................21
1 Distinguish Between a Population and a Sample ..............................................................................................21
2 Distinguish Between a Parameter and a Statistic ..............................................................................................21
3 Distinguish Between Descriptive Statistics and Inferential Statistics ........................................................... 21
4 Concepts ...................................................................................................................................................................... 21
1.2 Data Classification .......................................................................................................................................................... 21
1 Distinguish Between Qualitative and Quantitative Data..................................................................................21
2 Classify Data with Respect to the Four Levels of Measurement ................................................................... 21
3 Concepts ...................................................................................................................................................................... 21
1.3 Data Collection and Experimental Design................................................................................................................. 23
1 Decide on Methods of Data Collection................................................................................................................ 23
2 Identify a Biased Sample .........................................................................................................................................23
3 Identify Sampling Techniques ................................................................................................................................ 23
4 Concepts ...................................................................................................................................................................... 23
CHAPTER. 2 Descriptive Statistics ........................................................................................................................... 24
2.1 Frequency Distributions and Their Graphs ............................................................................................................... 24
1Interpret a Frequency Distribution ......................................................................................................................... 24
4) Miles (per day)......................................................................................................................................................... 25
5) Weight (in pounds) ................................................................................................................................................. 26
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................26
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3Construct a Frequency Distribution from Data Set............................................................................................27
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................27
The grade point averages for 40 students are listed below. ............................................................................. 27
The Highway Patrol, using radar, checked the speeds (in mph) of 30 passing motorists at a checkpoint.
The results are listed below. ..................................................................................................................................... 28
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................28
4 Concepts..................................................................................................................................................................... 28
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................28
2.2 More Graphs and Displays ............................................................................................................................................28
1 Interpret Data Sets................................................................................................................................................... 28
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................28
2 Graph Data Sets........................................................................................................................................................ 30
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................30
2.3 Measures of Central Tendency ..................................................................................................................................... 33
1 Interpret the Graph of a Distribution.................................................................................................................. 33
For the given data , construct a frequency distribution and frequency histogram of the data using five
classes. Des cribe the shape of the histogram as symmetric, uniform, skewed left, or skewed right. ... 33
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................34
2 Find the Mean, Median, and Mode...................................................................................................................... 35
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................35
3 Find the Weighted Mean.........................................................................................................................................37
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................37
4 Find the Mean of Grouped Data........................................................................................................................... 37
Approximate the mean of the grouped data......................................................................................................... 37
5 Concept s......................................................................................................................................................................38
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................38
2.4 Measures of Variation .................................................................................................................................................... 39
1 Find Measures of Variation .................................................................................................................................... 39
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................39
2 Interpret Data............................................................................................................................................................ 41
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................41
3 Compare Two Data Sets.......................................................................................................................................... 41
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................41
4 Use the Empirical Rule............................................................................................................................................41
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................41
5 Use Chebychevʹs Theorem.......................................................................................................................................43
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................43
6 Use Grouped Data to Calculate a Mean and Standard Deviation.................................................................43
Use the grouped data formulas to find the indicated mean or standard deviation. ................................... 43
7 Use Formulas to Analyze Data.............................................................................................................................. 46
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................46
2.5 Measures of Position...................................................................................................................................................... 46
1 Create or Interpret a Box-and-whisker Plot.......................................................................................................46
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................46
2 Calculate or Compare z-scores ...............................................................................................................................48
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................48
3 Find the Midquartile ................................................................................................................................................ 49
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................49
4 Find a Percentile ....................................................................................................................................................... 49
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................49
5 Concepts ...................................................................................................................................................................... 50
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Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................50
2.1 Frequency Distributions and Their Graphs ............................................................................................................... 51
1 Interpret a Frequency Distribution ....................................................................................................................... 51
2 Interpret Frequency Distribution Graphs ............................................................................................................ 51
4) Height (in inches) .................................................................................................................................................... 53
6) Miles (per day)......................................................................................................................................................... 54
3 Construct a Frequency Distribution from Data Set.......................................................................................... 54
4 Concepts ...................................................................................................................................................................... 59
2.2 More Graphs and Displays ............................................................................................................................................59
1 Interpret Data Sets................................................................................................................................................... 59
2 Graph Data Sets........................................................................................................................................................ 60
2.3 Measures of Central Tendency ..................................................................................................................................... 66
1 Interpret the Graph of a Distribution.................................................................................................................. 66
2 Find the Mean, Median, and Mode...................................................................................................................... 67
3 Find the Weighted Mean.........................................................................................................................................67
4 Find the Mean of Grouped Data........................................................................................................................... 67
5 Concepts ...................................................................................................................................................................... 67
2.4 Measures of Variation .................................................................................................................................................... 67
1 Find Measures of Variation .................................................................................................................................... 67
2 Interpret Data............................................................................................................................................................ 67
3 Compare Two Data Sets.......................................................................................................................................... 67
4 Use the Empirical Rule............................................................................................................................................69
5 Use Chebychevʹs Theorem.......................................................................................................................................69
6 Use Grouped Data to Calculate a Mean and Standard Deviation .................................................................69
7 Use Formulas to Analyze Data.............................................................................................................................. 69
2.5 Measures of Position...................................................................................................................................................... 69
1 Create or Interpret a Box-and-whisker Plot.......................................................................................................69
2 Calculate or Compare z-scores ...............................................................................................................................70
3 Find the Midquartile .................................................................................................................................................70
4 Find a Percentile ....................................................................................................................................................... 70
5 Concepts ...................................................................................................................................................................... 70
CHAPTER. 3 Probability ............................................................................................................................................ 71
3.1 Basic Concepts of Probability and Counting ..............................................................................................................71
1 Find Probabilities ...................................................................................................................................................... 71
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................71
2 Identify the Sample Space.......................................................................................................................................75
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................75
3 Identify Simple Events ............................................................................................................................................. 76
Determine the number of outcomes in the event. Then decide whether the event is a simple event or
not. Explain yo ur reasoning. .................................................................................................................................... 76
4 Use Fundamental Counting Principle ...................................................................................................................77
Use the fundamental counting principle to solve the problem. ....................................................................... 77
5 Classify Types of Probability...................................................................................................................................77
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................77
6 Determine Odds.........................................................................................................................................................78
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................78
7 Concepts ...................................................................................................................................................................... 78
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................78
3.2 Conditional Probability and the Multiplication Rule............................................................................................... 79
1Determine Between Independent and Dependent Events ................................................................................. 79
Provide an appropriate response. .............................................................................................................................79
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