Samenvatting Taalvaardigheid en Cultuur 2

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Language proficiency & culture – TVC2
1. TEACHING ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE 2

1.1. DIFFERENT KINDS OF ENGLISHES 2
1.1.1. STANDARD VS DIALECT 2
1.1.2. THE IMPORTANCE 2
1.1.3. STANDARDISATION PROCESS 2

2. PHONETICS AND PRONUNCIATION 3

2.1. COMMON DIFFICULTIES WITH PRONUNCIATION 3
2.1.1. WHY IS ENGLISH SO DIFFICULT TO PRONOUNCE? 3
2.1.2. REGARDING CONSONANTS 3
2.1.3. REGARDING VOWELS AND DIPHTHONGS 3
2.2. RHYTHM AND INTONATION 5
2.2.1. WORD AND SENTENCE STRESS – RHYTHM 5
2.2.2. INTONATION 6
2.3. APPLIED PHONETICS: EFL MAGAZINE 7
2.3.1. DEFINITION AND COMPONENTS OF PRONUNCIATION 7
2.3.2. PHONETICS VS. PHONOLOGY 7
2.3.3. TEACHING PRIORITIES 7
2.3.4. PRACTICAL TEACHING TECHNIQUES 7
2.3.5. TEACHING SEQUENCE AND INTEGRATION 8
2.3.6. CONCLUSION 8

3. CULTURAL STUDIES 8

3.1. BRITISH HISTORY 8
3.1.1. SUTTON HOO 8
3.1.2. THE BATTLE OF HASTINGS 10
3.1.3. THE BAYEUX TAPESTRY 13
3.1.4. THE GUNPOWDER PLOT 13
3.2. AMERICAN HISTORY 16
3.2.1. THE RISE OF A NATION: COLONIAL AMERICA 16
3.2.2. FIRST COLONIES BY BRITISH SETTLERS 17
3.2.3. NATIVE AMERICANS 18
3.2.4. THE WAR WITH BRITAIN 19
3.2.5. THE WAR BETWEEN NORTH AND SOUTH – CIVIL WAR – 1861-1865 21
3.2.6. JIM CROW LAWS 23
3.2.7. STRANGE FRUIT BY BILLIE HOLIDAY 24

4. WRITING SKILLS 25

4.1. OVERVIEW OF THE ONE-PARAGRAPH TEXT 25
4.2. SUPPORT 25
4.3. TOPIC SENTENCE 25
4.4. REWORDED TOPIC SENTENCE 25
4.5. UNITY 25
4.6. COHERENCE 25

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1. Teaching English as a foreign language
1.1. Different kinds of Englishes
1.1.1. Standard VS dialect
→ Why did the American Revolution influence standard English?
▪ New nation → needed their own language
▪ Moved away from British standard English towards standard, American English
→ What were the global consequences of this?
▪ Opened the floodgates resulting in more countries creating their own version → extra standards.
→ Notion of correctness → notion of appropriateness
▪ 18th century → NOC
• No standard = punishment
▪ These days → NOA
• Know when to use standard and non-standard
1.1.2. The importance
→ During the Middle Ages, when independent kingdoms became one country or nation. The need for having a
common mode for communication was present.
1.1.3. Standardisation process
→ English
▪ Need for a standard during the Middle Ages
• Independent kingdoms became one nation
▪ Dialect of the economically most important region becomes
▪ Creation of standard English:
• Civil servant writers
• Translation of the Bible (King James’ Bible)
• Authors like Chaucer
▪ Officialization/codification of English
• Murray’s and Lowth’s grammar
• Dr. Johnson’s dictionary
• Walker’s pronunciation dictionary
▪ Standard English = written language
• Only 4-5% actually speak it.
→ Dutch
▪ . Creation of standard Dutch
• Civil servant writers
• Translation of the Bible (Statenbijbel)
• Authors like PC Hooft & Vondel
▪ Officialization/codification of Dutch
• H.L. Spieghel’s grammar (Twe-spraack van de Nederduitse Letterkunst)
• Kiliaan’s dictionary
• Siegenbeek’s spelling guide
• There has never been a pronunciation dictionary for Dutch
▪ Standard Dutch = written language
• Most native speakers use ‘tussentaal’
→ Exam question: A language is a dialect with an army and a navy.
▪ Language and dialect are basically the same.
▪ A language is protected by authors, the government, writers, and journalists.
▪ Loads of people together protecting one dialect and making it a language.

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2. Phonetics and pronunciation
2.1. Common difficulties with pronunciation
2.1.1. Why is English so difficult to pronounce?
→ There’s a lack of consistency between spelling (letters, what you see and write) and pronunciation (sounds,
what you hear and speak).
→ each letter or letter sequence in English represents more than one sound or phoneme.
2.1.2. Regarding consonants
→ The voicing of final voiced consonants
→ Th
→ Aspiration
2.1.3. Regarding vowels and diphthongs
→ Long vs. short vowels
▪ Important for some dialects
→ /r/ insertion
▪ Non-rhotic [UK] vs rhotic [US]
• Not pronouncing the R vs pronouncing the R
→ The glide in diphthongs

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