First Aid USMLE Step 1: Neuropathology Questions with Detailed Verified Answers (100% Correct Answers) /Already Graded A+

1 Exampromax - Stuvia US 2025/2026


First Aid USMLE Step 1: Neuropathology Questions with
Detailed Verified Answers (100% Correct Answers)
/Already Graded A+
Frontal Lobe Lesion Presentation
Ans: Disinhibition and deficits in concentration, orientation, judgment
May have reemergence of primitive reflexes.

Frontal Eye Field Lesion Presentation
Ans: Eyes look toward lesion.

Paramedian Pontine Reticular Formation Lesion Presentation
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Ans: Eyes look away from side of lesion
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Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus Lesion Presentation
Ans: Internuclear ophthalmoplegia:
Impaired adduction of ipsilateral eye
Nystagmus of contralateral eye with abduction

Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus Lesion Example
Ans: MS

Dominant Parietal Cortex Lesion Presentation
Ans: Agraphia, acalculia
Finger agnosia
Left-right disorientation

Dominant Parietal Cortex Lesion Example
Ans: Gerstmann Syndrome

Nondominant Parietal Cortex Lesion Presentation

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Ans: Agnosia of the contralateral side of the world

Nondominant Parietal Cortex Lesion Example
Ans: Hemispatial Neglect Syndrome

Hippocampus (Bilateral) Lesion Presentation
Ans: Anterograde amnesia—inability to make new memories

Basal Ganglia Lesion Presentation
Ans: May result in tremor at rest, chorea, athetosis

Basal Ganglia Lesion Examples
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Ans: Parkinson Disease
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Huntingdon Disease

Mammillary Bodies (Bilateral) Lesion Presentation
Ans: Wernicke-Korsako Syndrome:
Confusion
Ataxia
Nystagmus
Ophthalmoplegia
memory loss - anterograde & retrograde amnesia
confabulation
personality changes

Mammillary Bodies (Bilateral) Lesion Example
Ans: Wernicke problems in a CAN O' beer

Subthalamic Nucleus Lesion Presentation
Ans: Contralateral hemiballismus

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Amygdala (Bilateral) Lesion Presentation
Ans: Klüver-Bucy Syndrome:
Disinhibited behavior - hyperphagia, hypersexuality, hyperorality

Amygdala (Bilateral) Lesion Example
Ans: HSV-1 Encephalitis

Superior Colliculus Lesion Presentation
Ans: Parinaud Syndrome:
Paralysis of conjugate vertical gaze - rostral interstitial nucleus also involved

Superior Colliculus Lesion Examples
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Ans: Stroke
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Hydrocephalus
Pinealoma

Reticular Activating System (midbrain) Lesion Presentation
Ans: Reduced levels of arousal and wakefulness → coma

Cerebellar Hemisphere Lesion Presentation
Ans: Intention tremor
Limb ataxia
Loss of balance


Damage to cerebellum → ipsilateral deficits - fall toward side of lesion

Cerebellar Hemisphere Lesion Example
Ans: Cerebellar hemisphere are *lateral*ly located
Affect *lateral* limbs

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Cerebellar Vermis Lesion Presentation
Ans: Truncal ataxia
Dysarthria

Cerebellar Vermis Lesion Examples
Ans: Vermis is *central*ly located
Affects *central* body


Degeneration associated with chronic alcohol use

When does Irreversible Damage Begin with Ischemic Brain Disease/Stroke?
Ans: Irreversible damage begins within 5 minutes of hypoxia
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What are the Most Vulnerable Structures During Hypoxia?
Ans: - Hippocampus
- Neocortex
- Cerebellum
- Watershed areas

Mnemonics for Knowing Vulnerable Structure
Ans: *Hipp*ocampus is most *vulnerable* to ischemic hypoxia


*Vulnerable Hippos*

What can be Caused by Ischemic Brain Disease/Stroke?
Ans: Irreversible neuron damage

How is CT Imaging used for Stroke?