# Advanced Human Bioscience (HUBS1416) - 2025 Summary
Cover Page
Advanced Human Bioscience (HUBS1416) - 2025
Course Summary & Key Concepts
Author: DAVID KAMAU
Institution: KIRINYAGA UNIVERSITY
Date: March 2025
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Cellular and Molecular Biology
3. Human Physiology and Homeostasis
4. Biochemistry and Metabolism
5. Immunology and Disease Pathophysiology
6. Human Genetics and Genomics
7. Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
8. Pharmacology and Toxicology
9. Neuroscience and Brain Function
10. Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems
11. Human Development and Aging
12. Conclusion
13. Review Questions and Answers
Content Page (Sample Section)
1. Introduction
Advanced Human Bioscience (HUBS1416) explores the biological systems that sustain human life,
integrating key topics from anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, genetics, immunology, and pathology.
This document provides a structured overview of fundamental concepts, helping students understand
the intricate mechanisms behind human health and disease.
, 2. Cellular and Molecular Biology
Structure and function of eukaryotic cells, including organelles.
DNA replication, transcription, and translation.
Cell cycle regulation, mitosis, and apoptosis.
Cellular communication and signal transduction pathways.
3. Human Physiology and Homeostasis
Mechanisms of homeostasis and feedback control systems.
Nervous system regulation (CNS & PNS).
Endocrine system and hormone regulation.
Cardiovascular and respiratory system integration.
Review Questions and Answers
1. What is the primary function of homeostasis in the human body?
Answer: Homeostasis maintains a stable internal environment by regulating physiological processes
such as temperature, pH, and fluid balance.
2. What are the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Answer: Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells lack a
nucleus and have simpler structures.
3. How does the nervous system regulate bodily functions?
Answer: The nervous system controls voluntary and involuntary actions through the central (CNS) and
peripheral (PNS) nervous systems, using neurotransmitters for communication.
4. What role does ATP play in cellular metabolism?
Answer: ATP (adenosine triphosphate) provides energy for cellular processes, including muscle
contraction, nerve signaling, and biochemical reactions.
5. What is the function of DNA replication?
Answer: DNA replication ensures genetic information is accurately copied and passed on to new cells
during cell division.
6. How do antibodies help fight infections?
Answer: Antibodies recognize and neutralize pathogens by binding to antigens and triggering immune
responses.
7. What is the significance of the blood-brain barrier?
Cover Page
Advanced Human Bioscience (HUBS1416) - 2025
Course Summary & Key Concepts
Author: DAVID KAMAU
Institution: KIRINYAGA UNIVERSITY
Date: March 2025
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Cellular and Molecular Biology
3. Human Physiology and Homeostasis
4. Biochemistry and Metabolism
5. Immunology and Disease Pathophysiology
6. Human Genetics and Genomics
7. Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
8. Pharmacology and Toxicology
9. Neuroscience and Brain Function
10. Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems
11. Human Development and Aging
12. Conclusion
13. Review Questions and Answers
Content Page (Sample Section)
1. Introduction
Advanced Human Bioscience (HUBS1416) explores the biological systems that sustain human life,
integrating key topics from anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, genetics, immunology, and pathology.
This document provides a structured overview of fundamental concepts, helping students understand
the intricate mechanisms behind human health and disease.
, 2. Cellular and Molecular Biology
Structure and function of eukaryotic cells, including organelles.
DNA replication, transcription, and translation.
Cell cycle regulation, mitosis, and apoptosis.
Cellular communication and signal transduction pathways.
3. Human Physiology and Homeostasis
Mechanisms of homeostasis and feedback control systems.
Nervous system regulation (CNS & PNS).
Endocrine system and hormone regulation.
Cardiovascular and respiratory system integration.
Review Questions and Answers
1. What is the primary function of homeostasis in the human body?
Answer: Homeostasis maintains a stable internal environment by regulating physiological processes
such as temperature, pH, and fluid balance.
2. What are the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Answer: Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells lack a
nucleus and have simpler structures.
3. How does the nervous system regulate bodily functions?
Answer: The nervous system controls voluntary and involuntary actions through the central (CNS) and
peripheral (PNS) nervous systems, using neurotransmitters for communication.
4. What role does ATP play in cellular metabolism?
Answer: ATP (adenosine triphosphate) provides energy for cellular processes, including muscle
contraction, nerve signaling, and biochemical reactions.
5. What is the function of DNA replication?
Answer: DNA replication ensures genetic information is accurately copied and passed on to new cells
during cell division.
6. How do antibodies help fight infections?
Answer: Antibodies recognize and neutralize pathogens by binding to antigens and triggering immune
responses.
7. What is the significance of the blood-brain barrier?
