Comprehensive Pathophysiology Final Exam Complete Key Concepts Final Exam Key Concepts: Essentials of Pathophysiology Module 1 • • • • • • • • • Low potassium (Hypokalemia) – Monitor heart. o Cardiacarrhythmias o Hypokalemia: muscle weakness, parasthesia, hyporeflexia, leg cramps, weak and irregular pulse, hypotension, dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, decreased bowel sounds, abdominal distension, constipation, ileus, and cardiac arrest. Catecholamines –...

Most dysphasias are associated with cerebrovascular accidents involving which artery? Middle cerebral artery Posterior communicating artery Anterior communicating artery Circle of Willis Dysphasias usually are associated with cerebrovascular accident involving the middle cerebral artery or one of its many branches.

Which are indications of dehydration? Tachycardia and weight loss Decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit Muscle weakness and decreased deep tendon reflexes Polyuria and hyperventilation Marked water deficit is manifested by symptoms of dehydration: headache, thirst, dry skin and mucous membranes, elevated temperature, weight loss, and decreased or concentrated urine (with the exception of diabetes insipidus). Skin turgor may be normal or decreased. Symptoms of hypovolemia, including tachy...

Clinical manifestations of mild to moderate splenomegaly and hepatomegaly, bronze-colored skin, and cardiac dysrhythmias are indicative of which anemia? Sideroblastic Aplastic Pernicious Iron deficiency Mild to moderate enlargement of the spleen (splenomegaly) and liver (hepatomegaly) occurs. Occasionally, abnormal skin pigmentation (bronze colored) is seen. Heart rhythm disturbances, along with congestive heart failure, are major life-threatening complications related to cardiac iron over...

What pathologic alteration produces tremors at rest, rigidity, akinesia, and postural abnormalities? Correct Answer Atrophy of neurons in the substantia nigra that produce dopamine Atrophy of neurons in the hypothalamus that produce acetylcholine Atrophy of neurons in the putamen that produce gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) Atrophy of neurons in the caudate that produce serotonin The hallmark characteristics of Parkinson disease are a result of a loss of dopaminergic pigmented neurons ...

What pathologic alteration produces tremors at rest, rigidity, akinesia, and postural abnormalities? Correct Answer Atrophy of neurons in the substantia nigra that produce dopamine Atrophy of neurons in the hypothalamus that produce acetylcholine Atrophy of neurons in the putamen that produce gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) Atrophy of neurons in the caudate that produce serotonin The hallmark characteristics of Parkinson disease are a result of a loss of dopaminergic pigmented neurons ...

Uncal herniation occurs when a cerebellar tonsil shifts through the foramen magnum. the cingulate gyrus shifts under the falx cerebri. the diencephalon shifts from the middle fossa straight downward through the tentorial notch into the posterior fossa. the hippocampal gyrus shifts from the middle fossa through the tentorial notch into the posterior fossa. Uncal herniation (hippocampal herniation, lateral mass herniation) occurs when the uncus or hippocampal gyrus (or both) shifts from t...

In some anemias, the erythrocytes are present in various sizes, which is referred to as anisocytosis. poikilocytosis. microcytosis. isocytosis. Additional descriptors of erythrocytes associated with some anemias include anisocytosis (assuming various sizes) or poikilocytosis (assuming various shapes) (Figure 26-1).

Clinical manifestations of mild to moderate splenomegaly and hepatomegaly, bronze-colored skin, and cardiac dysrhythmias are indicative of which anemia? Correct Answer Sideroblastic Pernicious Iron deficiency Aplastic Mild to moderate enlargement of the spleen (splenomegaly) and liver (hepatomegaly) occurs. Occasionally, abnormal skin pigmentation (bronze colored) is seen. Heart rhythm disturbances, along with congestive heart failure, are major life-threatening complications related to c...

Advanced Pathophysiology Study Guide