BIOL 1108 Exam 2– Principles of Biology
II (Latest 2026/ 2027 Update) Guide|
100% Verified Questions & Answers
photosynthesis -CORRECTANSWER biochemical process for building carbohydrates
using energy from sunlight and carbon dioxide taken from the air
what is the photosynthesis equation? -CORRECTANSWER CO2 + H2O ---> C6H12O6
+ CO2
reduction (in photosynthesis) -CORRECTANSWER molecules acquires electrons and
gains energy
oxidation -CORRECTANSWER molecules loses electrons and releases energy
what is being reduced in the photosynthesis equation? -CORRECTANSWER CO2 --->
C6H12O6
what is being oxidized in the photosynthesis equation? -CORRECTANSWER H2O --->
O2
who is the electron donor? -CORRECTANSWER water; oxygen is transformed as a by
product
,photosynthetic electron transport chain -CORRECTANSWER series of reactions that
links oxidation of water to reduction of carbon dioxide
where is the electron transport chain located? -CORRECTANSWER the thylakoid
membrane
where does the light cycle occur? -CORRECTANSWER the grana
calvin cycle -CORRECTANSWER sugars are synthesized from CO2
calvin cycle requires: -CORRECTANSWER two molecules of NADH and three
molecules of ATP for each CO2 incorporated into carbohydrates
steps of the Calvin cycle -CORRECTANSWER 1. carboxylation
2. reduction
3. regeneration
carboxylation -CORRECTANSWER CO2 +(rubisco)+ RuBP = 2(3-PGA)
-the addition of CO2 to the 5-carbon compound RuBP
,rubisco -CORRECTANSWER catalyzes carboxylation reaction which originally would
take a long time
reduction (in Calvin cycle) -CORRECTANSWER 3-PGA---(ATP and NAPH)----> triode
phosphate
-NADPH transfers two electrons and one proton; inorganic phosphate is released
regeneration -CORRECTANSWER triose phosphate -------(ATP)----> RuBP --->
beginning of cycle
-(regeneration of RuBP) a multistep process where 3-carbon compounds are
reorganized and combined to produce RuBP
light reaction -CORRECTANSWER water is broken apart in the chlorophyll molecule
into H+ and OH- ions in the presence of light, resulting in the formation of NADPH and
ATP
photosystems -CORRECTANSWER PSI and PSII; protein-pigmented complexes; the
functional and structural unit that absorbs light energy and uses it to drive electron
transport
, chlorophyll light absorption -CORRECTANSWER z-scheme; absorption of visible light
by an antenna chlorophyll results in the transfer of energy to an electron in a
neighboring chlorophyll molecule
reaction center -CORRECTANSWER configured pair of chlorophyll molecules where
energy is transfered to, then converted to chemical energy (from antennae chlorophyll)
PSII -CORRECTANSWER energizes electrons to the beginning go the electron
transport chain; when it loses an electron, it is able to pull electrons from water
PSI -CORRECTANSWER energizes electrons with a second input of light energy so
that they can be used to reduce NADP+
cytochrome-b6f complex -CORRECTANSWER where electrons pass between
photosystems
cyclic electron transport -CORRECTANSWER electrons from PSI are redirected from
ferredoxin back into the electron transport chain
two major challenges -CORRECTANSWER 1. if more light energy is absorbed than the
Calvin cycle can use, excess energy can damage the cell
-solution: xanthophylls and antioxidants reduce the amount of reactive oxygen species
by converting excess energy to heat
II (Latest 2026/ 2027 Update) Guide|
100% Verified Questions & Answers
photosynthesis -CORRECTANSWER biochemical process for building carbohydrates
using energy from sunlight and carbon dioxide taken from the air
what is the photosynthesis equation? -CORRECTANSWER CO2 + H2O ---> C6H12O6
+ CO2
reduction (in photosynthesis) -CORRECTANSWER molecules acquires electrons and
gains energy
oxidation -CORRECTANSWER molecules loses electrons and releases energy
what is being reduced in the photosynthesis equation? -CORRECTANSWER CO2 --->
C6H12O6
what is being oxidized in the photosynthesis equation? -CORRECTANSWER H2O --->
O2
who is the electron donor? -CORRECTANSWER water; oxygen is transformed as a by
product
,photosynthetic electron transport chain -CORRECTANSWER series of reactions that
links oxidation of water to reduction of carbon dioxide
where is the electron transport chain located? -CORRECTANSWER the thylakoid
membrane
where does the light cycle occur? -CORRECTANSWER the grana
calvin cycle -CORRECTANSWER sugars are synthesized from CO2
calvin cycle requires: -CORRECTANSWER two molecules of NADH and three
molecules of ATP for each CO2 incorporated into carbohydrates
steps of the Calvin cycle -CORRECTANSWER 1. carboxylation
2. reduction
3. regeneration
carboxylation -CORRECTANSWER CO2 +(rubisco)+ RuBP = 2(3-PGA)
-the addition of CO2 to the 5-carbon compound RuBP
,rubisco -CORRECTANSWER catalyzes carboxylation reaction which originally would
take a long time
reduction (in Calvin cycle) -CORRECTANSWER 3-PGA---(ATP and NAPH)----> triode
phosphate
-NADPH transfers two electrons and one proton; inorganic phosphate is released
regeneration -CORRECTANSWER triose phosphate -------(ATP)----> RuBP --->
beginning of cycle
-(regeneration of RuBP) a multistep process where 3-carbon compounds are
reorganized and combined to produce RuBP
light reaction -CORRECTANSWER water is broken apart in the chlorophyll molecule
into H+ and OH- ions in the presence of light, resulting in the formation of NADPH and
ATP
photosystems -CORRECTANSWER PSI and PSII; protein-pigmented complexes; the
functional and structural unit that absorbs light energy and uses it to drive electron
transport
, chlorophyll light absorption -CORRECTANSWER z-scheme; absorption of visible light
by an antenna chlorophyll results in the transfer of energy to an electron in a
neighboring chlorophyll molecule
reaction center -CORRECTANSWER configured pair of chlorophyll molecules where
energy is transfered to, then converted to chemical energy (from antennae chlorophyll)
PSII -CORRECTANSWER energizes electrons to the beginning go the electron
transport chain; when it loses an electron, it is able to pull electrons from water
PSI -CORRECTANSWER energizes electrons with a second input of light energy so
that they can be used to reduce NADP+
cytochrome-b6f complex -CORRECTANSWER where electrons pass between
photosystems
cyclic electron transport -CORRECTANSWER electrons from PSI are redirected from
ferredoxin back into the electron transport chain
two major challenges -CORRECTANSWER 1. if more light energy is absorbed than the
Calvin cycle can use, excess energy can damage the cell
-solution: xanthophylls and antioxidants reduce the amount of reactive oxygen species
by converting excess energy to heat
