BIO 251 Chamberlain University Exam 2025

BIO 251 BIO 251 Chamberlain University Exam 2025 Define Bone Remodeling - ANSWER-The process of mature bone adding and removing from the thickness of bone What are the four stages of bone repair? - ANSWER-1. Hematoma formation 2. Soft callus formation 3. Hard callus formation 4. Bone remodeling What are the known functions of the skeletal system? - ANSWER-Provides support Protects the internal organs Assists with body movement Calcium homeostasis Participates in blood cell production Stores triglycerides What type of bone is the pelvic bones? - ANSWER-Irregular What type of bone is the ribs? - ANSWER-Flat What type of bone is the metacarpal bones? - ANSWER-Long What type of bone is the humerus? - ANSWER-Long What type of bone is the carpal bones? - ANSWER-Short What type of bone is the clavicle? - ANSWER-Long What type of bone is the sternum? - ANSWER-Flat What type of bone is the vertebrae? - ANSWER-Irregular What type of bone is the fibula? - ANSWER-Long The outer covering of bone that helps regulate bone thickness is known as the _________. - ANSWER-Periosteum The two ends of a long bone are known as the ______. - ANSWER-Epiphysis What occurs during endochondral ossification? - ANSWER-Calcification BIO 251 BIO 251 Cartilage is replaced by bone What is NOT a true statement regarding the epiphyseal plate closure? - ANSWER Osteoblasts are replaced by chondrocytes. Functions of the skin - ANSWER-Protection Excretion Detects touch Maintains the body temperature Synthesizes vitamin D Stores lipids The shaft of the long bone is known as ______. - ANSWER-Diaphysis What can cause bones to become weak, fragile, and porous? - ANSWER-Prolonged period of inactivity Define the movement of the synarthrotic joint - ANSWER-Immovable joint Define the movement of the amphiarthrotic joint - ANSWER-Slightly movable joint Define the movement of the diarthrotic joint - ANSWER-Freely movable joint What is thin skin? - ANSWER-Covers MOST of the body Has FOUR layers of keratinocytes in the epidermis What is thick skin? - ANSWER-Truly HAIRLESS skin Covers the palms and soles of the feet Has FIVE layers of keratinocytes in the epidermis What are the five layers of keratinocytes from deepest to surface layer? - ANSWER Stratum basale Stratum spinosum Stratum granulosum Stratum lucidum Stratum corneum Hair growth cycle phases - ANSWER-Anagen (active growth phase) Catagen (transition phase) Telogen (resting phase) Three layers of hair - ANSWER-Medulla (innermost layer) BIO 251 BIO 251 Cortex (middle layer: provides strength, color, and texture) Cuticle (thin outer layer: protects the cortex) Name the 3 layers that make up the skin in their proper order. - ANSWER-Epidermis Dermis Hypodermis What is NOT an accessory structure of the skin? - ANSWER-Arrector pili muscle Describe the epidermis - ANSWER-Thin outer layer. Thicker at palms and soles. Contains keratin to make skin tough Describe the dermis - ANSWER-Thick inner layer. Contains collagen to strengthen the skin. Origin of exocrine glands. Describe the hypodermis - ANSWER-Layer of loose connective tissue below the dermis; also called the subcutaneous layer of superficial fascia; important in stabilizing the position of the skin in relation to underlying tissues; dominated by adipose tissue. Define osteogenesis - ANSWER-Bone formation What is a TRUE statement regarding bone REMODELING? - ANSWER-Mature bone adds and removes from the thickness of bone Which layer of strata is NOT found in THIN skin? - ANSWER-Stratum lucidum Describe keratinocytes - ANSWER-Most abundant cells of the epidermis Produces a fibrous protein Describe melanocytes - ANSWER-Accounts for the variations of hair color Protects the skin from UV damage What is a structure that is NOT found in hair? - ANSWER-Lunule What is NOT a function of the sebaceous glands? - ANSWER-Cooling the skin What accounts for the strength and resilience of the dermis? - ANSWER-Collagen fibers What accounts for the stretch and recoil properties of the dermis? - ANSWER-Elastic fibers What is NOT found in the DERMIS of the skin? - ANSWER-Keratinocytes What is the duration of time for each phase of hair growth? - ANSWER-Growth phase: Several years Transition phase: Several weeks BIO 251 BIO 251 Resting phase: Several months What are the six types of bone based on shape? - ANSWER-Long Short Irregular Sesamoid Flat Sutural What are the projections or elevations in bones? - ANSWER-Process Ramus What are the general features of bones? - ANSWER-Epiphysis: the two ends of long bones Diaphysis: the shaft Medullary Cavity: hollow space within the diaphysis Endosteum: membrane lining the medullary cavity Periosteum: connective tissue covering the bone; helps regulate bone thickness What are the depressions or holes in bones? - ANSWER-Meatus Fossa Foramen Fissure Define osteoprogenitor cells - ANSWER-Stem cells that develop into osteoblasts Define osteoblasts - ANSWER-Bone forming/building cells Lays down the bone matrix Define osteoclasts - ANSWER-Dissolves and reabsorbs the bone matrix Define osteocytes - ANSWER-Mature bone cells Maintains the bone matrix What is an amphiarthrotic joint that is bound by fibrocartilage? - ANSWER-Symphysis Define ossification - ANSWER-The process of replacing other tissues with bone Includes calcification Process of depositing calcium into bone tissue Define endochondral ossification - ANSWER-Formation of new bone during development Replaces cartilage with bone Includes calcification BIO 251 BIO 251 Are the bones of the skull part of the axial or appendicular skeleton? - ANSWER-Axial Is pelvic girdle part of axial or appendicular skeleton? - ANSWER-Appendicular Is the vertebrae a part of the axial or appendicular skeleton? - ANSWER-Axial Is the hyoid bone part of the axial or appendicular skeleton? - ANSWER-Axial Is the clavicle part of the axial or appendicular skeleton? - ANSWER-Append