Summary HESI Anatomy and Physiology V1 & V2 STUDY GUIDE UPDATED

HESI Anatomy and Physiology V1 & V2 STUDY GUIDE UPDATED HESI AP V1/V2 STUDY GUIDE 1. What is a characteristic of viral herpes? Skin eruption 2. When a boxer gets hit & has a deviated septum? Vomer (in nose) 3. Which of the following is a structure found in the upper respiratory? Pharynx 4. A person who has damage to their ulnar nerve will have decreased sensation in? Arm, inability to adduct arms & fingers 5. Which bone does not articulate with any other bone? Hyoid bone 6. Which of the following statements best describes endocrine glands? 7. Diet is important because bone are storage places for? 8. Which organ is part of both the male reproductive system & the urinary system? 9. Ligaments provide which connection? 10. Which structure conducts urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder? 11. Anaerobic respiration can lead to a burning sensation cause by which molecule? 12. As part of the negative feedback system, which type of cell is stimulated to re-absorb bone matrx in response to a decrease in Calcium in the blood? 13. Sweat on the skin’s surface cool’s the body through which process? 14. When assessing a female client who describes herself as a vegetarian in the nurse notes that she has unusual skin color. The nurse should ask the client if she has eaten a large amount of? 15. Which hand position describes anatomical position of a person who is standing erect with feet forward? 16. Which structure is a ball & socket joint? 17. Which anatomical structure houses the malleus, incus & stapes? 18. What are like cells grouped together called? 19. The Pulse Point located behind the knee is Palpated over which artery? 20. Ceruminous (Apocrine) glands secrete? Earwax 21. What type of synovial joint is the elbow? 22. What occurs when the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated / increased? 23. Where does digestion begin in the digestive system? 24. Which cell structure regulates the transport of substances in & out of a cell? 25. The mediastinum is located within which cavity? 26. What is the effect of Serotonin, a neurotransmitter? 27. What is the response of cells in the collecting tubules in nephrons when Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)is secreted? 28. What is the Function of thrombocytes (Platelets)? 29. Which muscle of the quad femoris group lies on the outer side surface of lower extremity? 30. Which structure is located on the sternum? Xiphoid process 31. The occipital region is located in which part of the body? Head / Skull 32. Which structure carries Oxygen to the cells? Hemoglobin 33. Which gland is commonly known as the “Master Gland”? Pituitary gland 34. Aspirin occurs when there is a tear in which structures? Ligament 35. What epidermal derivative is involved in temperature homeostasis? Eccrine gland (Merocrine / sweat gland) 36. Which statement are true about bone? Osteoblast (build up of bone), Epiphyseal (end of bone) , Diaphysis (shaft of bone) 37. Aqueous humor is watery fluid in which part of the body? Eye (in front of eye, between lens & cornea) 38. The malleus, incus & stapes are located in which part of the body? Ear 39. Dorsiflexion & plantarflexion are types of joint movement that are associated with which part of the body? Foot 40. Within which vessel does blood return from the lungs? Pulmonary vein (Remember pulmonary is heart, veins take deoxygenated blood back to heart. Arteries carry oxygen & nutrients away from heart) 41. Which part of the brain is involved in auditory functioning? Temporal lobe 42. What internal structure of the ear is concerned with hearing? Cochlea 43. Fertilization of an ovum occurs in which anatomical structure? Fallopian tubes (also called uterine tubes) 44. Where is the tibialis anterior muscle located? Lower leg 45. An overproduction of cerumen (earwax) can accumulate in which area? External ear & canals 46. The mitral valve is located between which two structures? Left ventricle & left atrium 47. The olfactory nerve is associated in which sense? Smell 48. Vessel carries blood from the body to the heart? Vena cava 49. Hormones produced by the ovaries? Estrogen & Progesterone 50. Plane divides the body into left & right sides? Sagittal 51. Two divisions that make up the nervous system? PNS & CNS (Peripheral & Central) 52. The orthopedic surgeon informs you that you have broken the distal region of the humerus. What area is he describing? Epiphysis 53. Part of the brain that attaches to the spinal cord? Medulla oblongata 54. Which term is used to describe movement of the arms & legs away from midline of the body? Abduction (AB = Away from) 55. Structure that provides a pulse reading in the neck? Carotid artery 56. Which hormone is produced by the posterior pituitary gland? Oxytocin & ADH (Antidiuretic hormone) (ADH is also known as Vasopressin) 57. What is the primary function of hemoglobin? Carry oxygen 58. What stimulates chemoreceptors to function? ↑ in CO2 & ↓ in O2 59. Which condition causes a client to say “I can’t see far away”? Nearsightedness (Think opposite, Far is near, near is far) 60. What is the function of Golgi apparatus? - Packaging proteins for secretion & transports lipids around the cell - Synthesize carbs & glycoproteins 61. What organ produces insulin? Pancreas 62. Fertilization occurs in the? Oviduct 63. When drawing blood from antecubital region, which blood vessel is used to obtain blood? Median cubital 64. What hormone induces growth of pubic & axillary hair at puberty? Testosterone & Estrogen 65. Increase in rate of breathing results in what blood PH change? Alkalosis 66. What is the function of the hypothalamus? Regulates balance & thermoregulation 67. How many carbs per gram do carbs contain? 4 68. When water molecules move across the cell membrane from high to low concentration, this process is called? Osmosis 69. What is the result of carbon dioxide in the body? Body becomes more acidic 70. What part of the body is the lower back? Lumbar 71. High levels of which ion would most likely result in a cardiac arrest? Potassium 72. What blood vessels perfuses (goes through) the kidney? Renal vein (this vein drains the kidney) 73. What gland is located on the anterior surface of the trachea? Thyroid gland 74. In white blood cells ,what contributes to phagocytosis? Macrophages & neutrophils 75. What structure of the eye picks out color? Retina 76. What is the most protective layer of the skin? Epidermis 77. The organ of corti is located in the? Ear 78. Where in the body are nutrients absorbed? Small intestine 79. The rough ER functions in the human cells to? Synthesize proteins 80. Tissue repair is enhanced by a diet high in? Protein 81. What is the definition of chyme? Semi-fluid mass of partially digested food expelled by the stomach into the duodenum. 82. What are hormones? Chemical messengers 83. What female reproductive organ produces oocytes, estrogen & progesterone? Ovaries 84. What cellular process helps to move debris and mucous through the lining of tubules? Cilia 85. Which is a hollow organ? Gall bladder 86. Which muscle(s) is included in the quad femoris group? Rectus femoris, Vastus lateralis, Vastus medialis, Vastus intermedius 87. Which structure is responsible for normal respiratory function? Medulla oblongata 88. A client has a large pituitary tumor, what part of the body does this effect? Low blood pressure, sickness, head hurting, vision problems 89. Which structures produce B-lymphocytes? Red bone marrow 90. What occurs when the sympathetic nervous system is stimulation is increased? Blood pressure ↑ & goose bumps 91. The buttocks are which surface of the body? Dorsal 92. The esophagus is located in which body cavity? Thoracic 93. The tympanic membrane is located between which structures? External auditory canal & middle ear 94. How many days is the average menstrual cycle? 28 days 95. Which structure produces T-lymphocytes? Thymus 96. Calcaneus is located in? Foot 97. Urinary system in the human body primary task is to? Expel waste 98. Which of the following produce progesterone to prepare the uterus for pregnancy? Corpus luteum 99. What are finger prints made of? Friction ridges 1. ABCD of cancer? Melanoma 2. Which of the following location(s) would the urinary bladder & internal reproductive organ be found? Pelvic region 3. Which one ↑ angle at the joint? Extensor 4. Which hormone is released by posterior lobe? Oxytocin & ADH ( ADH is also known as Vasopressin) 5. Order of organization of living things? Organelle, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystem, biosphere. 6. All living things are made up of? Cells 7. What bones are formed first during intramembranous ossification? Flat bones of the skull, the mandible, and the clavicles 8. Most obvious skin cancer? Basal cell carcinoma 9. Active transport requires? Requires energy (ATP) from cell 10. Passive transport? Does not require energy (ATP) 11. Diffusion is? Passive movement of MOLECULES or PARTICLES along a concentration gradient, low to high concentration. 12. Osmosis is? Movement of water across a membrane (High to low concentration) 13. Fibrous joint are? Stationary & held together by ligaments only (Ex: teeth in socket) 14. Cartilaginous is? Connection between articulating bones made up of cartilage 15. Synovial joints are? Freely mobile (Ex: Hinge, pivot, saddle) 16. Types of asexual reproduction? - Binary fission - Mitosis 17. What is the eustachian tube? Links the nasopharynx to the middle ear 18. Calciferol (aka Vitamin D) is controlled by? Parathyroid hormone 19. Sebaceous gland function? Secretes oil 20. What is endocytosis? Engulfs and brings in (endo = internal) 21. What is exocytosis? Fuses with plasma membrane & releases contents outside the cell (exo = exit) 22. Pituitary gland produces? Adrenocorticotropic hormone & Growth hormone 23. What does the adrenal gland secrete? Cortisol & Aldosterone 24. Aerobic respiration takes place in? Mitochondria & REQUIRES oxygen & glucose to produce carbon dioxide, water & energy 25. Anaerobic respiration produces? Energy & uses glucose, but produces less energy and does NOT require oxygen 26. What part(s) of the respiratory system are in the upper respiratory? Bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli 27. Aerobic respirations happens in the presence of? Oxygen 28. What is the soft spot on a baby’s head? Fontanelle 29. Layers of the epidermis? (Superficial to deep) Stratum Corneum, Lucidum, Granulosum, Spinosum, Basale 30. The top of the sternum is called? Manubrium 31. Parts of the sternum? Manubrium, body, xiphoid process 32. What makes up most plasma? Water 33. Polypeptides are? Chains of amino acids 34. What is Mitosis? The process of cell division that occurs in 5 stages before pinching 2 daughter cells in a process called cytokinesis 35. What is Meiosis? Is to make haploid gametes & the production of germ cells 36. Photosynthesis is? - Precursor to the glucose molecule is produced in a process - Uses sunlight to synthesize foods from CO2 and H2O - Generates oxygen as a byproduct. 37. Ribs are attached to the? Sternum 38. A auricle is? A thin pouch in the heart 39. Inspiration is ___ and Expiration is? Inspiration = inhale & Expiration = exhale 40. What separates the Abdominal & thoracic cavity? Diaphragm 41. The distal convoluted tubule is controlled by? - Reabsorbing calcium, sodium, and chloride and regulates the pH of urine by secreting protons and absorbing bicarbonate - Works with hormone Aldosterone 42. HCL is a chemical in the stomach, why is it not absorbed or cause harm to the stomach? Mucus lining protects it 43. Largest layer in the heart? Left ventricle 44. What makes colors of the skin? Melanin. (we all have the same # of melanocytes, it is the amount of melanin that determines our color) 45. Oxytocin is? Produced by: Hypothalamus & Released by: Posterior pituitary 46. Ligaments are? Bone to bone 47. Tendons are? Bone to muscle 48. Osteocytes are? - Bone forming cells - Form bone to some degree, maintain strength & health of the bone matrix - Occupies small chamber called lacuna 49. 4 steps of bone ossification? Hematoma formation, Callus formation, Ossification, Bone remodeling 50. Gall bladder is part of? Digestive system 51. Vastus lateralis extends? Extends & stabilizes the knee 52. Muscle contraction that moves food through digestive tract? Peristalsis 53. Schwann cells are located in? Peripheral nervous system 54. How does Nervous system work with Muscular system? Tells muscles how to respond to environment 55. Somatic Nervous System? - Part of PNS associated with the VOLUNTARY CONTROL of body movements via skeletal muscles. - Consists of afferent nerves or sensory nerves, & efferent nerves or motor nerves 56. Autonomic Nervous System? - Regulates a variety of body process that takes place without conscious effort. - Part of the PNS & is responsible for regulating INVOLUNTARY body functions, such as heartbeat, blood flow, breathing, and digestion 57. Which organ system is responsible for regulating muscle growth? Endocrine system 58. How does lymph work with circulatory? Lymph draws excess fluid from cells & deposits it into blood vessels 59. What is the function of parathyroid? Activation of vitamin D 60. What is a normal heart beat? 72 bpm 120 over 80 61. How is pepsin used in the body? - Breaks down proteins into smaller peptides - It is produced in the stomach & is one of the main digestive enzymes in the digestive systems 62. Which system produces antibodies? Lymphatic system 63. Blood that has supplied nutrients & Oxygen to heart muscle returns to right atrium via? Coronary sinus 64. Blood in the pulmonary veins return to the? Left Atrium 65. Diploid has __ chromosomes? (MITOSIS) 46 chromosomes 66. Haploid has __ chromosomes? (MEIOSIS) 23 chromosomes 67. Mitosis produces? 2 Diploid cells 68. Meiosis produces? 4 Haploid cells 69. Skeletal system function? 70. Efferent neurons are? 71. Afferent neurons are? 72. Gametes are? 73. What do capillaries do? 74. What is the exchange of gases between the atmosphere & blood through the alveoli called? 75. The exchange of gases between the blood and tissue cells is? 76. Most of carbon dioxide in the blood does which of the following? 77. Ovum can be described as? 78. What are the two functions of the male & female sex organs? 79. Which tissues serves as the framework by providing support & structure for organs? 80. What are the glands of the skin that produce a thin, watery secretion? 81. All actions of the nervous system depend on the transmission of nerve impulses over which of the following? 82. Monocytes become? 83. Lymphocytes are? 84. Neutrophils are? 85. In order for inhalation to occur? 86. What is the functional unit of the kidney? 87. Where does fertilization occur? 88. Cellular contact is important for? 89. The most abundant tissue is?