POLS 207 Exam 100% Solved Correctly Brand New

POLS 207 Exam 100% Solved Correctly Brand New Which level of government handles defense, immigration, and foreign policy? - Answer- Federal government Which level of government handles education, healthcare, and transportation? - Answer- State government Which level of government handles zoning, police, and local roads? - Answer- Local government What is policy conservatism? - Answer- Belief in limited government, low taxes, traditional values, and free market. What is policy liberalism? - Answer- Support for active government, social programs, civil rights, and economic regulation. Where do state governments get most of their revenue? - Answer- Income tax, sales tax, and federal grants Where do local governments get most of their revenue? - Answer- Property taxes, sales taxes, and fees What is federalism? - Answer- A system where power is shared between national and state governments What is a unitary system? - Answer- Central government holds all the power What is a confederation? - Answer- States hold most power; central government is weak Why are states called "laboratories of democracy"? - Answer- They can experiment with policies before national adoption What is nullification? - Answer- A theory that states can invalidate federal laws they consider unconstitutional What are enumerated powers? - Answer- Powers specifically listed in the U.S. Constitution for the federal government What are implied powers? - Answer- Powers not listed but necessary to carry out enumerated powers What does the 10th Amendment state? - Answer- Powers not given to the federal government are reserved to the states or people What was the result of Marbury v. Madison (1803)? - Answer- Established judicial review What was the result of McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)? - Answer- Established federal supremacy and validated implied powers Why are federal grants - Answer- in-aid important? - They allow the federal government to influence state policy What are mandates? - Answer- Federal requirements states must follow, sometimes without funding What is preemption? - Answer- When federal law overrides state/local law What is usually included in state constitutions? - Answer- Bill of Rights, policy details, structure of government What is constitutionalism? - Answer- Government must follow a constitution and rule of law Why are state constitutions often long? - Answer- They include detailed policies and are frequently amended Where do local governments get their power? - Answer- From state constitutions and laws How do most states amend their constitutions? - Answer- Through legislative proposal and voter approval What do counties do? - Answer- Provide law enforcement, courts, public health, and record-keeping What do cities do? - Answer- Provide police, fire, utilities, and zoning What do special districts do? - Answer- Provide specific services like schools or water across jurisdictions What is an at - Answer- large election? - Candidates are elected by the entire jurisdiction What is a single - Answer- member district election? - One representative is elected per district