Solution Manual for Statistics for Nursing Research A Workbook for Evidence-Based Practice 3rd Edition Susan Grove Daisha

SolutionManualfor
n n




Statistics for Nursing
n n




Research A Workbook
n n n




for Evidence-Based
n n




Practice 3rd Edition
n n n




SusanGroveDaisha
n n n

, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded n n n n n n




Identifying Levels of EXERCISE

1
n



n n




Measurement: Nominal, n n




Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio
n n n n




The questions are in bold followed by answers.
n n n n n n n




1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provide a
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




rationale for your answer.
n n n n




Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug categories
n n n n n n n n n n n n n




were probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of drugs the
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




subjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are usually on
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




more than one category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The current therapies are
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




not measured at the ordinal level because they cannot be rank ordered, since no drug category can be
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




considered more or less beneficial than another drug category (see Figure 1-1; Grove & Gray,
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




2019).
n




2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a rationale for
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




your answer.
n n




Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed drug for
n n n n n n n n n n n n n




thissample.
n n




3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this sample?
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
n n n n n n n n n




Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement resulted in
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




ratio-level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017). Ratio- level
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove & Gray, 2017;
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




Knapp, 2017).
n n




4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a study:
n n n n n n n n n n n n n




What category identifies your current income as an RN?
n n n n n n n n n




a. Less than $50,000
n n n




b. $50,000 to 59,999
n n n




c. $60,000 to 69,999
n n n




d. $70,000 to 80,000
n n n




e. $80,000 or greater
n n n




What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow the
n n n n n n n n n n n n n




rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
n n n n n n n n n n n




Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income catego- ries
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. The two open-ended
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




AG 1-1 n

,AG 1-2 n Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded n n n n n n




categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since catego-ries
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




(d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mark either (d)
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be changed to greater
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can be rank ordered from the lowest
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




salary to the highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data (Grove & Gray, 2019; Waltz et al.,
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




2017).
n




5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your answer.
n n n n n n n n n n n n n




Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-item Likert scale
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rated their symp- toms on a
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the depression symptoms. The
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-item scale are considered to be at the interval
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017; Waltz et al., 2017).
n n n n n n n n n n n




6. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores forthe
n n n n n n n n n n n n n




cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
n n n n n n n n n n n




Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CDS scores
n n n n n n n n n n n n n




for study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-level data as indicated in Questions 5, so
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data (Gray et al., 2017; Kim & Mallory, 2017).
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical importance of
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




this result.
n n




Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the greater
n n n n n n n n n n n n n




NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of thesubjects were
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of sub- jects with
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




depression increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class increases, cardiac
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




patients have more severe physical symptoms, which usually result in emotional distress, such as
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




depression. Nurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, especially thosein higher
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and treated as needed.
n n n n n n n n n n n




8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated with an
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest whole percent
n n n n n n n n n n n n n




(%).
n




Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample included 15
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




patients who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1). The number of cardiac patients not
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




treated for depression was 91 (106 – 15 = 91). The group percent is calculated by the
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




nfollowing formula: (group frequency ÷ total sample size) × 100%. For this study, (91 n n n n n n n n n n n n n




patients ÷ 106 sample size) × 100% = 0.858 × 100% = 85.8% = 86%. The final answer is
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




rounded to the nearest whole percent as directed in the question. You could have also
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




subtracted the 14% of patients treated with antidepressants from 100% and obtained the 86% who
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




were not treated with an antidepressant.
n n n n n n




9. What was the purpose of the 6-minute walk test (6MWT)? Would the 6MWT be useful in
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




clinical practice?
n n




Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, “The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the submaximal,
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




steady-state functional capacity” of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easy way to
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




determine a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This functional status score
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




could be used to determine the treatment plan to promote or maintain functional status of
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




cardiac patients.
n n

, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded
n n n n n n AG 1-3 n




10. How was exercise confidence measured in this study? What was the level of measurementfor
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




the exercise confidence variable in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer. Answer:
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




Exercise confidence of the patients with heart failure (HF) in this study was measuredwith the
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




Exercise Confidence Scale that included four subscales focused on walking, climbing,lifting
n n n n n n n n n n n n




objects of graded weight, and running (see the study narrative). This was a rating scalewith
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




values ranging from 0 to 100. The patients’ scores for the Total Exercise Confidence scaleand the
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n




subscales were considered interval-level data and analyzed with parametric statistics,such as
n n n n n n n n n n n n




means and SDs (see the study narrative; Waltz et al., 2017).
n n n n n n n n n n n