PHAR 100 Final exam Latest Update
2025/2026 GRADED A+
Path of drug from when it enters to exits the body - correct answer1. Absorption
2. Distribution
3. Metabolism
4. Excretion
Absorption - correct answerthe movement of the drug from the site of administration into
the bloodstream
Distribution - correct answerthe movement of a drug from the blood to the site of action
and other tissues
Metabolism - correct answerthe conversion of a drug to a different chemical compound.
Excretion - correct answermoving of the drug and its metabolites out of the body
Routes of drug administration - correct answer1. Topical
- On the skin
-Transdermal
-Inhalation
2. Enteral
-Oral
-Suppository
-Buccal
3.Parenteral
-IV
-IM
-Subcutaneous
Why and how do adverse drug reactions occur? - correct answerExample: a receptor is
activated in a blood vessel by a drug designed to treat hypertension. The rector is
activated by the ligand that is bound to it, and the blood pressure is lowered. However,
this receptor may located in other areas of the body. The subsequent activation of this
receptor in other areas of the body is an example of an adverse effect.
Adverse effects - correct answer1. Extension of therapeutic effect
2. Unrelated to main drug action
3. Allergic reaction
, 4. Dependence and addiction
5. Teratogenesis
6. Adverse biotransformation reactions
Why does drug variability exist - correct answer1. Genetic Factors
2. Environmental factors
3. Diseased states (cardiovascular or kidney disease for example)
4. Altered Physiological state
-pregnant or elderly
5. Other drugs present (competition)
The process of developing a new drug - correct answer1. Pre-clinical testing
-safety and potential efficacy in lab animals
2. Phase I Clinical Trial
-safety and tolerability in healthy volunteers
3. Phase II
-effectiveness and safety in a small number of patients
4. Phase III
-effectiveness and safety in a large number of patients
5. Phase IV
-post market surveillance for adverse effects and safety
How do drugs restore/modify the normal function of the nervous system? - correct
answerDrugs can restore the normal function of the nervous system through re-uptake
of neurotransmitters by post-synaptic neurons. An example of this would be taking an
SSRI for depression.
Drugs can also modify the function of the nervous system through disturbing the natural
concentrations of neurotransmitters through illicit and/or prescribed drug use. An
example of this would be taking a narcotic analgesic such as morphine to relieve post-
op pain.
What properties of a substance contribute to abuse and dependence? - correct
answer1. Tolerance
2. Withdrawal
3. Loss of control (compulsion)
Sedative-hynoptics - correct answera class of drugs that work by promoting GABA to
produce anti anxiolytic effects
2025/2026 GRADED A+
Path of drug from when it enters to exits the body - correct answer1. Absorption
2. Distribution
3. Metabolism
4. Excretion
Absorption - correct answerthe movement of the drug from the site of administration into
the bloodstream
Distribution - correct answerthe movement of a drug from the blood to the site of action
and other tissues
Metabolism - correct answerthe conversion of a drug to a different chemical compound.
Excretion - correct answermoving of the drug and its metabolites out of the body
Routes of drug administration - correct answer1. Topical
- On the skin
-Transdermal
-Inhalation
2. Enteral
-Oral
-Suppository
-Buccal
3.Parenteral
-IV
-IM
-Subcutaneous
Why and how do adverse drug reactions occur? - correct answerExample: a receptor is
activated in a blood vessel by a drug designed to treat hypertension. The rector is
activated by the ligand that is bound to it, and the blood pressure is lowered. However,
this receptor may located in other areas of the body. The subsequent activation of this
receptor in other areas of the body is an example of an adverse effect.
Adverse effects - correct answer1. Extension of therapeutic effect
2. Unrelated to main drug action
3. Allergic reaction
, 4. Dependence and addiction
5. Teratogenesis
6. Adverse biotransformation reactions
Why does drug variability exist - correct answer1. Genetic Factors
2. Environmental factors
3. Diseased states (cardiovascular or kidney disease for example)
4. Altered Physiological state
-pregnant or elderly
5. Other drugs present (competition)
The process of developing a new drug - correct answer1. Pre-clinical testing
-safety and potential efficacy in lab animals
2. Phase I Clinical Trial
-safety and tolerability in healthy volunteers
3. Phase II
-effectiveness and safety in a small number of patients
4. Phase III
-effectiveness and safety in a large number of patients
5. Phase IV
-post market surveillance for adverse effects and safety
How do drugs restore/modify the normal function of the nervous system? - correct
answerDrugs can restore the normal function of the nervous system through re-uptake
of neurotransmitters by post-synaptic neurons. An example of this would be taking an
SSRI for depression.
Drugs can also modify the function of the nervous system through disturbing the natural
concentrations of neurotransmitters through illicit and/or prescribed drug use. An
example of this would be taking a narcotic analgesic such as morphine to relieve post-
op pain.
What properties of a substance contribute to abuse and dependence? - correct
answer1. Tolerance
2. Withdrawal
3. Loss of control (compulsion)
Sedative-hynoptics - correct answera class of drugs that work by promoting GABA to
produce anti anxiolytic effects
