ESSENTIALS OF ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY
8TH EDITION
• AUTHOR(S)VALERIE C. SCANLON;
TINA SANDERS
TEST BANK
Q1
Reference: Ch. 1 — Levels of Organization — Levels of
Organization
Stem: A patient’s liver shows widespread destruction of
hepatocytes from toxin exposure, producing coagulopathy and
jaundice. At which level of organization is the primary problem
occurring?
A. Chemical
B. Cellular
C. Tissue
D. Organism
Correct Answer: C. Tissue
Rationales:
, • Correct (C): The liver’s functional compromise (coagulation
factor production, bile handling) reflects disruption of liver
tissue (collections of hepatocytes and supporting
structures) that impairs organ function. (Ch. 1 explains
tissues as groups of cells performing common functions.)
• A (Chemical): Chemical-level disruption (e.g., molecular
injury) is more fundamental but does not by itself explain
organ-level dysfunction described.
• B (Cellular): Cellular injury to hepatocytes is important, yet
the clinical signs reflect coordinated tissue-level loss
(multiple cells + interstitium).
• D (Organism): Organism level refers to whole-body
function; while affected, the primary locus is tissue within
the organ.
Teaching Point: Multiple injured cells produce
dysfunctional tissue that impairs organ function.
Citation: Scanlon, V., & Sanders, T. (2021). Essentials of
Anatomy and Physiology (8th Ed.). Ch. 1.
Q2
Reference: Ch. 1 — Metabolism and Homeostasis —
Homeostasis: Receptor, Control Center, Effector
Stem: A patient’s arterial blood pressure falls. Baroreceptors
detect the change and send signals to the medulla. Which
structure functions as the control center that integrates the
,signal and coordinates effectors?
A. Baroreceptor in the carotid sinus
B. Medulla oblongata
C. Heart (cardiac muscle)
D. Peripheral blood vessels
Correct Answer: B. Medulla oblongata
Rationales:
• Correct (B): The control center receives receptor input and
issues commands to effectors; the medulla integrates
baroreceptor input and modifies heart rate and vascular
tone.
• A: The baroreceptor is the receptor that senses pressure; it
does not integrate or send corrective commands.
• C: The heart is an effector that changes rate/force in
response to medullary output.
• D: Peripheral vessels act as effectors
(vasoconstriction/dilation) under control-center signaling.
Teaching Point: The control center integrates receptor
input and directs effectors to restore set points.
Citation: Scanlon, V., & Sanders, T. (2021). Essentials of
Anatomy and Physiology (8th Ed.). Ch. 1.
Q3
Reference: Ch. 1 — Metabolism and Homeostasis — Negative
and Positive Feedback
, Stem: A nurse explains why insulin secretion lowers high blood
glucose after a meal. Which feedback mechanism best
describes insulin's role?
A. Positive feedback that amplifies glucose levels
B. Negative feedback that restores glucose toward the set point
C. Feedforward control that anticipates glucose rise
D. Local autocrine signaling with no systemic effect
Correct Answer: B. Negative feedback that restores glucose
toward the set point
Rationales:
• Correct (B): Insulin secretion in response to elevated
glucose reduces blood glucose, moving the variable back
toward its set point—classic negative feedback.
• A: Positive feedback amplifies a change, which is not how
insulin functions.
• C: Feedforward mechanisms anticipate changes (e.g.,
salivation) but insulin acts in response to actual glucose
elevation.
• D: Insulin is an endocrine hormone producing systemic
effects, not solely autocrine.
Teaching Point: Negative feedback returns physiologic
variables to set points (e.g., insulin lowering glucose).
Citation: Scanlon, V., & Sanders, T. (2021). Essentials of
Anatomy and Physiology (8th Ed.). Ch. 1.
PHYSIOLOGY
8TH EDITION
• AUTHOR(S)VALERIE C. SCANLON;
TINA SANDERS
TEST BANK
Q1
Reference: Ch. 1 — Levels of Organization — Levels of
Organization
Stem: A patient’s liver shows widespread destruction of
hepatocytes from toxin exposure, producing coagulopathy and
jaundice. At which level of organization is the primary problem
occurring?
A. Chemical
B. Cellular
C. Tissue
D. Organism
Correct Answer: C. Tissue
Rationales:
, • Correct (C): The liver’s functional compromise (coagulation
factor production, bile handling) reflects disruption of liver
tissue (collections of hepatocytes and supporting
structures) that impairs organ function. (Ch. 1 explains
tissues as groups of cells performing common functions.)
• A (Chemical): Chemical-level disruption (e.g., molecular
injury) is more fundamental but does not by itself explain
organ-level dysfunction described.
• B (Cellular): Cellular injury to hepatocytes is important, yet
the clinical signs reflect coordinated tissue-level loss
(multiple cells + interstitium).
• D (Organism): Organism level refers to whole-body
function; while affected, the primary locus is tissue within
the organ.
Teaching Point: Multiple injured cells produce
dysfunctional tissue that impairs organ function.
Citation: Scanlon, V., & Sanders, T. (2021). Essentials of
Anatomy and Physiology (8th Ed.). Ch. 1.
Q2
Reference: Ch. 1 — Metabolism and Homeostasis —
Homeostasis: Receptor, Control Center, Effector
Stem: A patient’s arterial blood pressure falls. Baroreceptors
detect the change and send signals to the medulla. Which
structure functions as the control center that integrates the
,signal and coordinates effectors?
A. Baroreceptor in the carotid sinus
B. Medulla oblongata
C. Heart (cardiac muscle)
D. Peripheral blood vessels
Correct Answer: B. Medulla oblongata
Rationales:
• Correct (B): The control center receives receptor input and
issues commands to effectors; the medulla integrates
baroreceptor input and modifies heart rate and vascular
tone.
• A: The baroreceptor is the receptor that senses pressure; it
does not integrate or send corrective commands.
• C: The heart is an effector that changes rate/force in
response to medullary output.
• D: Peripheral vessels act as effectors
(vasoconstriction/dilation) under control-center signaling.
Teaching Point: The control center integrates receptor
input and directs effectors to restore set points.
Citation: Scanlon, V., & Sanders, T. (2021). Essentials of
Anatomy and Physiology (8th Ed.). Ch. 1.
Q3
Reference: Ch. 1 — Metabolism and Homeostasis — Negative
and Positive Feedback
, Stem: A nurse explains why insulin secretion lowers high blood
glucose after a meal. Which feedback mechanism best
describes insulin's role?
A. Positive feedback that amplifies glucose levels
B. Negative feedback that restores glucose toward the set point
C. Feedforward control that anticipates glucose rise
D. Local autocrine signaling with no systemic effect
Correct Answer: B. Negative feedback that restores glucose
toward the set point
Rationales:
• Correct (B): Insulin secretion in response to elevated
glucose reduces blood glucose, moving the variable back
toward its set point—classic negative feedback.
• A: Positive feedback amplifies a change, which is not how
insulin functions.
• C: Feedforward mechanisms anticipate changes (e.g.,
salivation) but insulin acts in response to actual glucose
elevation.
• D: Insulin is an endocrine hormone producing systemic
effects, not solely autocrine.
Teaching Point: Negative feedback returns physiologic
variables to set points (e.g., insulin lowering glucose).
Citation: Scanlon, V., & Sanders, T. (2021). Essentials of
Anatomy and Physiology (8th Ed.). Ch. 1.
