PC 705- Module 1 Final Exam
Questions and All Correct Answers
2025-2026 Updated.
Allostasis - Answer ability to successfully adjust to challenges
Homeostasis - Answer stable or remaining the same (optimal steady state)
Stress - Answer -transactional or interactional
-it is not necessarily the event but how we perceive and react to the event
-happens when a demand exceeds a person’s coping abilities
Adaptation - Answer modifications made in order to adjust to change
Coping - Answer managing stressful demands
General Adaptation Syndrome- 3 stages - Answer Alarm Stage, Stage of Resistance, Stage of
Exhaustion
Alarm Stage - Answer -Stressor triggers the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
-Activates sympathetic nervous system, epinephrine, norepinephrine (from adrenal medulla).
-Vital signs increase, pupils dilate, goose bumps (Flight or Fight)
Stage of Resistance or Adaptation - Answer -Begins with the actions of adrenal corticoid
hormones particularly cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine
-These help fuel fight or flight
-May see depression or hyperglycemia
Stage of Exhaustion - Answer -Allostatic overload
-if stress continues and adaptation is not successful
-ultimately causes impairment of the immune response, heart failure, kidney failure, and
ultimately death
, -the immune system is integrated with other physiologic processes and is sensitive to changes in
CNS and endocrine functioning, such as those that accompany psychologic states.
The Stress Response - Answer 1. Stressor activates CNS, hypothalamus, Corticotropin
releasing hormone. 2. Activates Sympathetic Nervous System, Posterior pituitary and anterior
pituitary
Sympathetic Nervous System - Answer releases epinephrine and norepinephrine
Posterior Pituitary - Answer Increases Antidiuretic Hormone/vasopressin
Anterior Pituitary - Answer Increases adrenocorticotropic hormone, activates Adrenal Cortex
and releases cortisol
Cortisol` - Answer -Anti-inflammatory and immune suppressive agent
-suppress Th1 (innate) and increase Th2 (adaptive) immunity
-increased BP and cardiac output, lipolysis in extremities, blood levels of amino acids,
lipogenesis face and trunk
-decreases luteinizing hormones, estradiol, testosterone
-prolonged elevated cortisol levels associated with obesity, type 2 DM, poor wound healing,
decreased ability to fight infections, increased risk of cancer and inflammatory diseases
Epinephrine - Answer bronchodilation, increased lipolysis, decreases glycogen synthesis,
increased blood glucose, decreased insulin, increased cardiac output
Norepinephrine - Answer increased blood pressure, pupil dilation, sweat gland action,
smooth muscle contraction, piloerectus (goose bumps)
Hormones released by adrenal medulla - Answer catecholamines (epinephrine and
norepinephrine)
hormones released by the adrenal cortex - Answer Cortisol
genotype - Answer the exact gene allele composition a person has for a specific single-gene
Questions and All Correct Answers
2025-2026 Updated.
Allostasis - Answer ability to successfully adjust to challenges
Homeostasis - Answer stable or remaining the same (optimal steady state)
Stress - Answer -transactional or interactional
-it is not necessarily the event but how we perceive and react to the event
-happens when a demand exceeds a person’s coping abilities
Adaptation - Answer modifications made in order to adjust to change
Coping - Answer managing stressful demands
General Adaptation Syndrome- 3 stages - Answer Alarm Stage, Stage of Resistance, Stage of
Exhaustion
Alarm Stage - Answer -Stressor triggers the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
-Activates sympathetic nervous system, epinephrine, norepinephrine (from adrenal medulla).
-Vital signs increase, pupils dilate, goose bumps (Flight or Fight)
Stage of Resistance or Adaptation - Answer -Begins with the actions of adrenal corticoid
hormones particularly cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine
-These help fuel fight or flight
-May see depression or hyperglycemia
Stage of Exhaustion - Answer -Allostatic overload
-if stress continues and adaptation is not successful
-ultimately causes impairment of the immune response, heart failure, kidney failure, and
ultimately death
, -the immune system is integrated with other physiologic processes and is sensitive to changes in
CNS and endocrine functioning, such as those that accompany psychologic states.
The Stress Response - Answer 1. Stressor activates CNS, hypothalamus, Corticotropin
releasing hormone. 2. Activates Sympathetic Nervous System, Posterior pituitary and anterior
pituitary
Sympathetic Nervous System - Answer releases epinephrine and norepinephrine
Posterior Pituitary - Answer Increases Antidiuretic Hormone/vasopressin
Anterior Pituitary - Answer Increases adrenocorticotropic hormone, activates Adrenal Cortex
and releases cortisol
Cortisol` - Answer -Anti-inflammatory and immune suppressive agent
-suppress Th1 (innate) and increase Th2 (adaptive) immunity
-increased BP and cardiac output, lipolysis in extremities, blood levels of amino acids,
lipogenesis face and trunk
-decreases luteinizing hormones, estradiol, testosterone
-prolonged elevated cortisol levels associated with obesity, type 2 DM, poor wound healing,
decreased ability to fight infections, increased risk of cancer and inflammatory diseases
Epinephrine - Answer bronchodilation, increased lipolysis, decreases glycogen synthesis,
increased blood glucose, decreased insulin, increased cardiac output
Norepinephrine - Answer increased blood pressure, pupil dilation, sweat gland action,
smooth muscle contraction, piloerectus (goose bumps)
Hormones released by adrenal medulla - Answer catecholamines (epinephrine and
norepinephrine)
hormones released by the adrenal cortex - Answer Cortisol
genotype - Answer the exact gene allele composition a person has for a specific single-gene
