1
Week 1: Opposition defiant disorder
By (Student Name)
Institutional Affiliation (School)
Course Title (Class)
Instructor (Tutor)
Date
, 2
Week 1: Opposition defiant disorder
In week 1 of the module, we covered disorders commonly manifested during infancy,
childhood and adolescence, one of which is Opposition Defiant Disorder, alias ODD. This
disorder is common in children.
DSM-5-TR criteria for ODD F91. 3 consists of the following:
A child has to demonstrate at least 4 symptoms lasting at least 6 months from any of the
following categories, which should be exhibited during interaction with at least one
individual:
i. Argumentative/defiant behavior characterized by
a. Arguing with authority figures, commonly adults.
b. Active refusal to and actively defying to comply with directives or guidelines
from adults or authority or with rules.
c. Deliberate annoyance towards others, especially those attempting to correct
actions or guide behavior of the person (child).
d. Blaming others for own mistakes or misconduct
ii. Anger/Irritable Behavior/Moods
a. Anger issues and poor emotional/impulse control
b. Touchiness and susceptible to annoyance by others.
c. Temperamental and quickly upset by slight triggers
iii. Vindictiveness
a. Quick to say mean, hurtful and hateful things towards others when upset
b. Often vengeful and satiates in hurting those who hurt them, even if
accidentally
c. Vindictive behaviors observed at least once within 6 months (Mayo Clinic,
2023; Reichenberg & Seligman, 2016).
Etiology
The exact cause of ODD is unspecified, though research has resorted to an interplay of
a multiple of factors that could trigger this disorder. They include:
Genetics-Research links up to 50% of ODD to heredity. Children with low activity
levels of the neurotransmitter-metabolizing enzyme monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) and
, 3
changes in cortisol levels have been identified as potential candidates of ODD (Aggarwal &
Marwaha, 2022).
Environmental Factors-ODD has been found to be common among children exposed
to harsh environments. Victims of parental neglect, poor behavioral supervision and
nurturing, abusive parenting, harsh parenting, verbal/physical curses or beatings etc.) and
other exposures to detriment at home (Mayo Clinic, 2023).
Psychosocial factors-A child’s experiencing temperament (difficulty to manage or
loosen off emotions or tolerating frustrations/discomforts) may develop ODD. Aggarwal and
Marwaha (2022) report that children with ODD demonstrate signs of callousness and
unemotional traits. Meanwhile, negative experiences that elicit hurtful feelings, such as
rejection from peers, harsh childhood due to poverty, company with deviant peers, exposure
to neighborhood or domestic violence and other factors of social instability are contributors
of ODD (Reichenberg & Seligman, 2016).
Evidence Based Treatments
Parenting skills training-this entails imparting knowledge of triggers of ODD to
parents, teachers and other authority figures and empowering them with skills/tools to
elicit positive emotions to the child, in avoidance of eliciting negative emotions.
Parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT)-aims at nurturing better child-parent
relationships to reduce instances of problematic behaviours.
Problem-solving and social skills training-aims at helping authority figures approach
child’s problems positively and helping children solve issues in smoother and
healthier ways. Social skills include training the child to be flexible, self-aware and
avoiding bad social relationships (Aggarwal & Marwaha, 2022).
One Counselling intervention:
Individual and family counselling/therapy-individual therapy with the child will focus on
training the child to express themselves and develop emotional skills to reduce susceptibility
to emotional and pressing anger. This is done in combination with family therapy to train
family members to be approachable to the child and ways to sustain healthy relationship with
the child, avoiding unhealthy punishing styles and creating gaps that sets the child feeling
uncared, unloved or neglected.
Areas the intervention addresses
Week 1: Opposition defiant disorder
By (Student Name)
Institutional Affiliation (School)
Course Title (Class)
Instructor (Tutor)
Date
, 2
Week 1: Opposition defiant disorder
In week 1 of the module, we covered disorders commonly manifested during infancy,
childhood and adolescence, one of which is Opposition Defiant Disorder, alias ODD. This
disorder is common in children.
DSM-5-TR criteria for ODD F91. 3 consists of the following:
A child has to demonstrate at least 4 symptoms lasting at least 6 months from any of the
following categories, which should be exhibited during interaction with at least one
individual:
i. Argumentative/defiant behavior characterized by
a. Arguing with authority figures, commonly adults.
b. Active refusal to and actively defying to comply with directives or guidelines
from adults or authority or with rules.
c. Deliberate annoyance towards others, especially those attempting to correct
actions or guide behavior of the person (child).
d. Blaming others for own mistakes or misconduct
ii. Anger/Irritable Behavior/Moods
a. Anger issues and poor emotional/impulse control
b. Touchiness and susceptible to annoyance by others.
c. Temperamental and quickly upset by slight triggers
iii. Vindictiveness
a. Quick to say mean, hurtful and hateful things towards others when upset
b. Often vengeful and satiates in hurting those who hurt them, even if
accidentally
c. Vindictive behaviors observed at least once within 6 months (Mayo Clinic,
2023; Reichenberg & Seligman, 2016).
Etiology
The exact cause of ODD is unspecified, though research has resorted to an interplay of
a multiple of factors that could trigger this disorder. They include:
Genetics-Research links up to 50% of ODD to heredity. Children with low activity
levels of the neurotransmitter-metabolizing enzyme monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) and
, 3
changes in cortisol levels have been identified as potential candidates of ODD (Aggarwal &
Marwaha, 2022).
Environmental Factors-ODD has been found to be common among children exposed
to harsh environments. Victims of parental neglect, poor behavioral supervision and
nurturing, abusive parenting, harsh parenting, verbal/physical curses or beatings etc.) and
other exposures to detriment at home (Mayo Clinic, 2023).
Psychosocial factors-A child’s experiencing temperament (difficulty to manage or
loosen off emotions or tolerating frustrations/discomforts) may develop ODD. Aggarwal and
Marwaha (2022) report that children with ODD demonstrate signs of callousness and
unemotional traits. Meanwhile, negative experiences that elicit hurtful feelings, such as
rejection from peers, harsh childhood due to poverty, company with deviant peers, exposure
to neighborhood or domestic violence and other factors of social instability are contributors
of ODD (Reichenberg & Seligman, 2016).
Evidence Based Treatments
Parenting skills training-this entails imparting knowledge of triggers of ODD to
parents, teachers and other authority figures and empowering them with skills/tools to
elicit positive emotions to the child, in avoidance of eliciting negative emotions.
Parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT)-aims at nurturing better child-parent
relationships to reduce instances of problematic behaviours.
Problem-solving and social skills training-aims at helping authority figures approach
child’s problems positively and helping children solve issues in smoother and
healthier ways. Social skills include training the child to be flexible, self-aware and
avoiding bad social relationships (Aggarwal & Marwaha, 2022).
One Counselling intervention:
Individual and family counselling/therapy-individual therapy with the child will focus on
training the child to express themselves and develop emotional skills to reduce susceptibility
to emotional and pressing anger. This is done in combination with family therapy to train
family members to be approachable to the child and ways to sustain healthy relationship with
the child, avoiding unhealthy punishing styles and creating gaps that sets the child feeling
uncared, unloved or neglected.
Areas the intervention addresses
