BIOD 171 FINAL EXAM STUDY QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS

BIOD 171 FINAL EXAM STUDY
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS
MicrobiologyA2isA2theA2studyA2ofA2what?A2-A2Ans--
MicrobiologyA2isA2theA2studyA2ofA2microbesA2(microorganismsA2andA2viruses)A2andA2theirA
2biologicalA2processes.


WhatA2isA2theA2smallestA2biologicalA2unitA2ofA2lifeA2-A2Ans--cell

WhatA2isA2aA2macromolecule?A2-A2Ans--
AA2macromoleculeA2isA2classifiedA2asA2aA2complexA2moleculeA2thatA2isA2composedA2fromA
2smallerA2subunits.


WhatA2areA2theA2fourA2mainA2typesA2ofA2macromolecules?A2-A2Ans--
Proteins,A2nucleicA2acids,A2lipidsA2andA2carbohydrates

WhatA2variousA2functionsA2doA2proteinsA2haveA2inA2aA2cellA2-A2Ans--
ProteinsA2mayA2facilitateA2theA2movementA2ofA2materialsA2inA2orA2outA2ofA2aA2cell.A2SomeA
2canA2actA2asA2enzymesA2thatA2catalyze,A2orA2speedA2up,A2biochemicalA2processes.A2Oth
ersA2playA2aA2structuralA2roleA2whileA2otherA2proteins,A2suchA2asA2filaments,A2enableA2mov
ement.

WhatA2areA2theA2twoA2majorA2typesA2ofA2nucleicA2acidsA2andA2theirA2roles?A2-A2Ans--
ThereA2areA2twoA2majorA2typesA2ofA2nucleicA2acids:A2DNAA2(deoxyribonucleicA2acid)A2and
A2RNAA2(ribonucleicA2acid).A2NucleicA2acidsA2areA2chemicalA2moleculesA2thatA2carryA2gen
eticA2informationA2withinA2theA2cell.A2DNAA2containsA2aA2vastA2amountA2ofA2hereditaryA2inf
ormationA2andA2isA2responsibleA2forA2theA2inheritableA2characteristicsA2ofA2livingA2organis
ms.A2RNAA2isA2responsibleA2forA2decipheringA2theA2hereditaryA2informationA2inA2DNAA2an
dA2usingA2itA2toA2synthesizeA2proteins.

WhatA2isA2theA2plasmaA2membrane,A2andA2whatA2isA2itA2madeA2upA2of?A2-A2Ans--
TheA2plasmaA2membraneA2servesA2theA2cellA2asA2aA2surroundingA2barrierA2thatA2separate
sA2theA2insideA2ofA2theA2cellA2fromA2theA2outsideA2surroundingA2environment.A2TheA2plasm
aA2membraneA2alsoA2restrictsA2theA2movementA2ofA2materialsA2(water,A2nutrients,A2etc)A2e
itherA2inA2orA2outA2ofA2theA2cell,A2thusA2allowingA2aA2cellsA2toA2absorbA2andA2keepA2whatA2i
sA2neededA2(influx)A2whileA2alsoA2preventingA2theA2escapeA2(outA2flux)A2ofA2essentialA2nutr
ients.A2TheA2plasmaA2membraneA2isA2composedA2ofA2lipidsA2(hydrophobicA2hydrocarbons
).

WhatA2areA2theA2threeA2mainA2componentsA2ofA2carbohydrates?A2-A2Ans--
CarbohydratesA2areA2composedA2ofA2carbon,A2hydrogenA2andA2oxygenA2atoms.A2Exampl

, esA2wouldA2include,A2C6H12O6A2(glucose)A2C12H22O11A2(sucrose)A2andA2C6H10O5A2(c
ellulose).

WhatA2isA2theA2primaryA2differenceA2betweenA2prokaryoticA2andA2eukaryoticA2cells?A2-
A2Ans--
EukaryoticA2cellsA2containA2aA2nucleus,A2aA2membraneA2enclosedA2regionA2withinA2theA2c
ellA2thatA2containsA2theA2geneticA2material.A2ProkaryoticA2cellsA2doA2notA2haveA2aA2nucleu
sA2andA2canA2beA2furtherA2classifiedA2asA2eitherA2BacteriaA2orA2Archaea.

WhatA2areA2theA2mainA2morphologiesA2ofA2bacteria?A2-A2Ans--
BacteriaA2canA2beA2describedA2asA2coccusA2(round/
spherical),A2bacillusA2(rod),A2vibrioA2(curvedA2rod)A2orA2spirillumA2(spiral/corkscrew).

WhichA2groupA2(classification)A2ofA2microbesA2isA2notedA2forA2itsA2abilityA2toA2surviveA2und
erA2harshA2conditions?A2-A2Ans--
Archaea.A2TheyA2areA2ableA2toA2surviveA2inA2extremelyA2harshA2environmentalA2condition
sA2suchA2asA2highA2saltA2levels,A2acidA2conditions,A2highA2temperaturesA2andA2oxygen-
poorA2conditions.

WhatA2areA2theA2fourA2mainA2classificationsA2ofA2Eukarya?A2-A2Ans--
EukaryoticA2microorganismsA2areA2classifiedA2asA2eitherA2belongingA2toA2Animalia,A2Plant
ae,A2FungiA2orA2Protista.

CanA2virusesA2beA2classifiedA2asA2eitherA2prokaryoticA2orA2eukaryotic?A2-A2Ans--
No.A2VirusesA2areA2consideredA2neitherA2prokaryoticA2norA2eukaryotic.A2VirusesA2areA2not
A2consideredA2livingA2andA2doA2notA2replicateA2onA2theirA2own,A2meaningA2theyA2mustA2rep
licateA2withinA2aA2host.

TheA2lipidA2bilayerA2ofA2theA2plasmaA2membraneA2isA2composedA2ofA2what?A2-A2Ans--
TheA2cellA2membraneA2isA2aA2bilayerA2composedA2primarilyA2ofA2amphipathicA2phospholip
ids,A2meaningA2theyA2containA2aA2polarA2hydrophilicA2(waterA2loving)A2headA2groupA2andA2
aA2non-
polarA2hydrophobicA2(waterA2fearing)A2tailA2region.A2TheA2lipidA2bilayerA2isA2situatedA2inA2s
uchA2aA2wayA2whereA2theA2non-
polarA2tailA2groupsA2faceA2inwardA2thusA2orientingA2theA2polarA2headA2groupsA2toA2interact
A2withA2waterA2bothA2outsideA2andA2insideA2ofA2theA2cell.


WhatA2areA2theA2primaryA2cellularA2organellesA2describedA2inA2thisA2module?
A2BeA2sureA2toA2knowA2theA2rolesA2ofA2each.A2-A2Ans--
RibosomesA2(proteinA2synthesis),A2ERA2(siteA2ofA2proteinA2synthesis),A2GolgiA2(proteinA2m
odificationA2andA2distribution),A2lysosomesA2(wasteA2disposal),A2mitochondriaA2(ATPA2gen
eration)A2andA2chloroplastsA2(plantsA2only;A2siteA2ofA2photosynthesis).

WhatA2isA2cellularA2metabolism?A2-A2Ans--
MetabolismA2isA2aA2controlledA2setA2ofA2biochemicalA2reactionsA2thatA2occurA2inA2livingA2or
ganismsA2inA2orderA2toA2maintainA2life.