FAU Pathophysiology Exam 2 Questions
With Correct Answers
Raynaud's |Phenomenon |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-A |functional |Disorder |caused |by |intense |
vasospasm |of |the |arteries |and |arterioles |in |the |fingers |and |less |often |in |the |toes.
Vasodilation |occurs |by |withdrawal |of |sympathetic |stimulation
Cause |of |Raynaud's |Phenomenon |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Can |be |result |of |cooling |of |head, |
neck |and |trunk
Can |also |be |caused |by |emotional |stress, |anxiety
It |is |associated |with |other |disease |states |that |cause |vasospasm |
Can |be |associated |with |previous |vessel |injury |like:
frostbite
occupational |trauma |(heavy |vibrating |tools)
collagen |diseases
neurologic |disorders
chronic |arterial |occlusive |disorders
Exposure |to |alternating |hot |and |cold |temperatures
It |is |often |the |first |symptom |of |collagen |diseases |like |scleroderma |and |systemic |lupus |
erythematosus |(SLE)
Raynaud's |Phenomenon |Manifestations |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-All |fingers |usually |affected |
symmetrically |but |can |affect |only |1-2 |digits |or |only |part |of |a |digit
Ischemia |due |to |vasospasm |causes |change |in |skin |color
,Progresses |from |pallor |to |cyanosis
A |sensation |of |cold
Changes |in |sensory |perception |(Numbness |and |Tingling)
Followed |by |period |of |hyperemia
Nails |may |become |brittle
Skin |over |tips |of |fingers |may |thicken |
Nutritional |impairment |may |give |rise |to |arthritis
Can |cause |ulceration |and |gangrene
Raynaud's |Phenomenon |Treatment |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Eliminate |factors |that |cause |
vasospasm
Protect |digits |from |trauma |during |ischemic |episode
Abstinence |from |smoking
Avoid |vasoconstrictor |medications |(Decongestants)
Use |vasodilator |drugs |to |avoid |thrombosis |and |gangrene |(calcium |channel |blockers, |alpha |
adrenergic |blocker)
Sympathectomy-surgical |interruption |of |sympathetic |nerve |pathways
Atherosclerosis |Risk |Factors |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Hypercholesterolemia
Increasing |age
Family |history |of |premature |Coronary |Heart |Disease
Male |Sex
Strong |Family |History |of |heart |disease/stroke
Risk |increases |for |women |after |menopause |(estrogens |no |longer |protectant)
Cigarette |smoking |(Worsens |endothelial |damage)
Obesity
Visceral |fat
,Hypertension
Diabetes |Mellitus
*C-Reactive |Protein |(CRP)*-serum |marker |for |systemic |inflammation |
Serum |Homocysteine
Serum |Lipoprotein
Infectious |Agents |(Chlamydia, |herpes, |cytomegalovirus)
Atherosclerosis |Pathophysiology |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Formation |of |fibrofatty |lesions |in |the
|intimal |lining |of |the |large |and |medium |sized |arteries
Clinical |manifestations |can |take |20-40 |years
Step |1-Endothelial |Cell |Injury
Step |2-Migration |of |Inflammatory |Cells
Step |3-Lipid |Accumulation |and |Smooth |Muscle |Cell |Proliferation
Step |4-Plaque |Structure |(Usually |by |3rd |decade |of |life)
3 |Types |of |Atherosclerosis |Lesions |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-1. |Fatty |Streak |(thin, |flat, |yellow, |
progressively |enlarge |by |becoming |thicker |and |elevated.
-Present |in |children |in |1st |year |of |life
-Increase |in |number |throughout |life |until |age |20
2. |Fibrous |Atheromatous |Plaque |(Gray, |pearly |white, |accumulation |of |intracellular |and |
extracellular |lipids
-Proliferation |of |vascular |smooth |muscle |cells
-Formation |of |scar |tissue
3. |Complicated |Lesion |(contains |hemorrhage, |ulcerations, |scar |tissue |deposits)
Venous |Thrombosis |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-"Thrombophlebitis"
, The |presence |of |a |thrombus |(Clot) |in |a |vein |and |the |accompanying |inflammatory |response |in |
the |vessel |wall.
2 |TYPES:
1. |Superficial |Venous |Thrombosis
2. |Deep |Venous |Thrombosis
Virchow's |Triad |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Venous |Thrombosis |Pathophysiology
Combined:
1. |Stasis |of |Blood
2. |Increased |Blood |Coagulability |(Hypercoagulability)
3. |Vessel |Wall |Injury
Venous |Thrombosis |Risk |Factors |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-*Stasis*:
Bed |rest
immobility
spinal |cord |injury
acute |myocardial |infarction
Congestive |Heart |Failure
Shock
Venous |Obstruction
*Hypercoagulability*:
Genetic |(Factor |V |Leiden)
Stress |and |Trauma
Pregnancy
Childbirth
Oral |Contraceptives/Hormones
With Correct Answers
Raynaud's |Phenomenon |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-A |functional |Disorder |caused |by |intense |
vasospasm |of |the |arteries |and |arterioles |in |the |fingers |and |less |often |in |the |toes.
Vasodilation |occurs |by |withdrawal |of |sympathetic |stimulation
Cause |of |Raynaud's |Phenomenon |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Can |be |result |of |cooling |of |head, |
neck |and |trunk
Can |also |be |caused |by |emotional |stress, |anxiety
It |is |associated |with |other |disease |states |that |cause |vasospasm |
Can |be |associated |with |previous |vessel |injury |like:
frostbite
occupational |trauma |(heavy |vibrating |tools)
collagen |diseases
neurologic |disorders
chronic |arterial |occlusive |disorders
Exposure |to |alternating |hot |and |cold |temperatures
It |is |often |the |first |symptom |of |collagen |diseases |like |scleroderma |and |systemic |lupus |
erythematosus |(SLE)
Raynaud's |Phenomenon |Manifestations |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-All |fingers |usually |affected |
symmetrically |but |can |affect |only |1-2 |digits |or |only |part |of |a |digit
Ischemia |due |to |vasospasm |causes |change |in |skin |color
,Progresses |from |pallor |to |cyanosis
A |sensation |of |cold
Changes |in |sensory |perception |(Numbness |and |Tingling)
Followed |by |period |of |hyperemia
Nails |may |become |brittle
Skin |over |tips |of |fingers |may |thicken |
Nutritional |impairment |may |give |rise |to |arthritis
Can |cause |ulceration |and |gangrene
Raynaud's |Phenomenon |Treatment |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Eliminate |factors |that |cause |
vasospasm
Protect |digits |from |trauma |during |ischemic |episode
Abstinence |from |smoking
Avoid |vasoconstrictor |medications |(Decongestants)
Use |vasodilator |drugs |to |avoid |thrombosis |and |gangrene |(calcium |channel |blockers, |alpha |
adrenergic |blocker)
Sympathectomy-surgical |interruption |of |sympathetic |nerve |pathways
Atherosclerosis |Risk |Factors |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Hypercholesterolemia
Increasing |age
Family |history |of |premature |Coronary |Heart |Disease
Male |Sex
Strong |Family |History |of |heart |disease/stroke
Risk |increases |for |women |after |menopause |(estrogens |no |longer |protectant)
Cigarette |smoking |(Worsens |endothelial |damage)
Obesity
Visceral |fat
,Hypertension
Diabetes |Mellitus
*C-Reactive |Protein |(CRP)*-serum |marker |for |systemic |inflammation |
Serum |Homocysteine
Serum |Lipoprotein
Infectious |Agents |(Chlamydia, |herpes, |cytomegalovirus)
Atherosclerosis |Pathophysiology |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Formation |of |fibrofatty |lesions |in |the
|intimal |lining |of |the |large |and |medium |sized |arteries
Clinical |manifestations |can |take |20-40 |years
Step |1-Endothelial |Cell |Injury
Step |2-Migration |of |Inflammatory |Cells
Step |3-Lipid |Accumulation |and |Smooth |Muscle |Cell |Proliferation
Step |4-Plaque |Structure |(Usually |by |3rd |decade |of |life)
3 |Types |of |Atherosclerosis |Lesions |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-1. |Fatty |Streak |(thin, |flat, |yellow, |
progressively |enlarge |by |becoming |thicker |and |elevated.
-Present |in |children |in |1st |year |of |life
-Increase |in |number |throughout |life |until |age |20
2. |Fibrous |Atheromatous |Plaque |(Gray, |pearly |white, |accumulation |of |intracellular |and |
extracellular |lipids
-Proliferation |of |vascular |smooth |muscle |cells
-Formation |of |scar |tissue
3. |Complicated |Lesion |(contains |hemorrhage, |ulcerations, |scar |tissue |deposits)
Venous |Thrombosis |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-"Thrombophlebitis"
, The |presence |of |a |thrombus |(Clot) |in |a |vein |and |the |accompanying |inflammatory |response |in |
the |vessel |wall.
2 |TYPES:
1. |Superficial |Venous |Thrombosis
2. |Deep |Venous |Thrombosis
Virchow's |Triad |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Venous |Thrombosis |Pathophysiology
Combined:
1. |Stasis |of |Blood
2. |Increased |Blood |Coagulability |(Hypercoagulability)
3. |Vessel |Wall |Injury
Venous |Thrombosis |Risk |Factors |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-*Stasis*:
Bed |rest
immobility
spinal |cord |injury
acute |myocardial |infarction
Congestive |Heart |Failure
Shock
Venous |Obstruction
*Hypercoagulability*:
Genetic |(Factor |V |Leiden)
Stress |and |Trauma
Pregnancy
Childbirth
Oral |Contraceptives/Hormones
