MODULE : PYC2605
,PYC2605 Exam
Study Revision
Pack
Contains:
• Exam Questions & Solutions
• (2011 – 2019)
• Exam Papers Included
• Questions & Solutions
• Detailed Study Notes
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1
CHAPTER 1
HIV AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
AIDS = Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
1. HISTORY
1. 1981
2. 1983 virus induced
3. 1986 HIV
4. HIV1 – Central, East southern Africa; North and South America, Europe, rest of world.
5. HIV2 – West Africa 1986; Not so pathogenic
6. HIV1 – 1983 – Dr Luc Montagnier fm Louis Pasteur Institute Parks
1984 – Dr Robert Gallo – USA – a) Propogate virus in cell structure
b) Dev. 1st diagnostic test 4 HIV
2. WHAT IS A VIRUS?
1. Pathogen
2. Smallest
3. Parasitic
4. Genes with master code
5. DNA core
6. HIV = RNA
7. 2 Main parts = Core = DNA/RNA
Capsule = protects core
Proteins, projections (spikes)
rd
8. HIV has 3 part = lipid envelope
9. Viruses only attack specific cells
10. Antibodies attach to out protein of virus = shield
11. HIV identified by cone shaped core
12. Main protein of HIV p24
13. HIV Hijacks CD4 cells, immune defence cells.
3. THE FUNCTIONING OF A HEALTHY IMMUNE SYSTEM
1. Non-Specific - Barriers (Skin)
Inflammatory reaction
Protective proteins (attract phagocytes, devour microbes)
2. Specific - T Lymphocyte – CD4 enhance others response
Suppressor T Lymphocytes – CD8 proteins
Killer T Lymphocytes (Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes) – directly binds with enemy
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Memory T Lymphocytes
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2
B Lymphocytes – Plasma B Lymphocytes (produce antibodies)
Memory B Lymphocytes
Work on T cell command.
3. Soldiers – 3 Regiments
a. Phagocytes
b. T Lymphocytes
c. B Lymphocytes
4. Four phases
1. Enemy recognised – battle begins
a) Phagocytes = spies
b) Can’t kill organic enemy
c) Call Macrophages which mobilise lymphocytes
d) By capturing enemy antigen and displaying it
e) Antigen alerts T lymphocytes
f) T Lymphocytes (CD4) recognise antigen and with
macrophage go to next phase
2. The Forces multiply
a) CD4 multiply
b) Activate more phagocytes
c) Send chemical message to T and B Lymphocytes to
make antibodies
3. Attack and Victory
a) T cells – Killer T inject infected cells and contents
spill out
b) Antibodies attach to cell
c) Slows virus and phagocytes/macrophages consume
them
d) Antibodies kill with chemicals
4. Cessation of Hostility and Recording of Information
a) Suppressor T Cells tell B cells to stop
b) Memory T & B Cells remember antigen
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Distribution of this document is illegal
,PYC2605 Exam
Study Revision
Pack
Contains:
• Exam Questions & Solutions
• (2011 – 2019)
• Exam Papers Included
• Questions & Solutions
• Detailed Study Notes
, Stuvia.com - The study-notes marketplace
1
CHAPTER 1
HIV AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
AIDS = Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
1. HISTORY
1. 1981
2. 1983 virus induced
3. 1986 HIV
4. HIV1 – Central, East southern Africa; North and South America, Europe, rest of world.
5. HIV2 – West Africa 1986; Not so pathogenic
6. HIV1 – 1983 – Dr Luc Montagnier fm Louis Pasteur Institute Parks
1984 – Dr Robert Gallo – USA – a) Propogate virus in cell structure
b) Dev. 1st diagnostic test 4 HIV
2. WHAT IS A VIRUS?
1. Pathogen
2. Smallest
3. Parasitic
4. Genes with master code
5. DNA core
6. HIV = RNA
7. 2 Main parts = Core = DNA/RNA
Capsule = protects core
Proteins, projections (spikes)
rd
8. HIV has 3 part = lipid envelope
9. Viruses only attack specific cells
10. Antibodies attach to out protein of virus = shield
11. HIV identified by cone shaped core
12. Main protein of HIV p24
13. HIV Hijacks CD4 cells, immune defence cells.
3. THE FUNCTIONING OF A HEALTHY IMMUNE SYSTEM
1. Non-Specific - Barriers (Skin)
Inflammatory reaction
Protective proteins (attract phagocytes, devour microbes)
2. Specific - T Lymphocyte – CD4 enhance others response
Suppressor T Lymphocytes – CD8 proteins
Killer T Lymphocytes (Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes) – directly binds with enemy
Downloaded by: peggylberge |
Memory T Lymphocytes
Distribution of this document is illegal
, Stuvia.com - The study-notes marketplace
2
B Lymphocytes – Plasma B Lymphocytes (produce antibodies)
Memory B Lymphocytes
Work on T cell command.
3. Soldiers – 3 Regiments
a. Phagocytes
b. T Lymphocytes
c. B Lymphocytes
4. Four phases
1. Enemy recognised – battle begins
a) Phagocytes = spies
b) Can’t kill organic enemy
c) Call Macrophages which mobilise lymphocytes
d) By capturing enemy antigen and displaying it
e) Antigen alerts T lymphocytes
f) T Lymphocytes (CD4) recognise antigen and with
macrophage go to next phase
2. The Forces multiply
a) CD4 multiply
b) Activate more phagocytes
c) Send chemical message to T and B Lymphocytes to
make antibodies
3. Attack and Victory
a) T cells – Killer T inject infected cells and contents
spill out
b) Antibodies attach to cell
c) Slows virus and phagocytes/macrophages consume
them
d) Antibodies kill with chemicals
4. Cessation of Hostility and Recording of Information
a) Suppressor T Cells tell B cells to stop
b) Memory T & B Cells remember antigen
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