Bio 270 Lecture Exam 2 JMU Hynd Exam
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UPDATE 2025|2026!!
Four types of glial cells astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal
blood brain barrier capillaries sealed with tight junctions to prevent bad stuff from
getting to the brain
diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus) and
parts of the forebrain
cerebrum (basal nuclei and cerebral cortex)
gyrus elevated folds of brain
sulcus depressed fold of brain
Broca's area of brain speaking ability, motor
Wernicke's area of brain Language comprehension, sensory
brain's ability to have other areas compensate for any
plasticity
damage if the damage happens young enough
electroencephalogram (alpha EEG (brain test). Alpha- eyes closed. Beta- eyes open.
and beta rhythm)
seizure uncontrolled firing of neruons
small movement control Basal nuclei/ganglia with thalamus
thalamus job gets rid of extra sensory info that is not necessary to know
cerebrum job coordinating big subconscious movements (balance, posture)
hypothalamus job controls homeostasis
limbic system emotion, food, and sex
consolidation converting short term to long term memory
working memory fluid, interrelates various forms of memory
brain stem medulla, pons, midbrain. continuous w/ spinal cord
brain stem job controls respiration, circulation, digestion
remembering dreams if woken during REM sleep, will remember
referred pain spine doesn't know where the pain is coming from, so puts it
somewhere
reflex response that occurs automatically w/out conscious effort. simple
and acquired.
afferent to the spinal cord
efferent away from the spinal cord
peripheral nervous system sends info from environment to CNS, links CNS to muscles/glands
, modality stimulant of receptors in PNS
photoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors,
types of receptors in PNS
osmoreceptors, chemoreceptors, nociceptors (pain)
tonic receptor slow with no adaptation
phasic rapid adaptation
receptive field region of skin that a receptor covers, smaller in receptive dense
areas
polymodal nociceptor responds to all types of pain
protective layering of eye eyelid, eyelashes, tears
layers of the eye Fibrous (cornea/sclera), vascular/nourishing (choroid/iris), sensory
(retina)
iris job controls amount of light entering the pupil
iris muscles circular (constrictor) and radial (dilator)
concave diverges light, converse converges light.
refraction
cornea and lense refract light in eye
refractive power 1/focal distance
visible light spectrum 400-700 nm
blue vs. red light blue= short red= long
adjusting lens Ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments, adjust to focus light on
retina
near point nearest point which an eye can focus on an object
presbyopia reduced accomadation ability
Astrocytes glue that holds neurons in place, helps maintain ionic
concentration
Oligodendrocytes Myelin sheath of CNS
Microglia trashcans of brain, eat dead micro and neurons
ependymal lining of ventricles (brain)
Questions & Answers | Latest Already Graded A+
UPDATE 2025|2026!!
Four types of glial cells astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal
blood brain barrier capillaries sealed with tight junctions to prevent bad stuff from
getting to the brain
diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus) and
parts of the forebrain
cerebrum (basal nuclei and cerebral cortex)
gyrus elevated folds of brain
sulcus depressed fold of brain
Broca's area of brain speaking ability, motor
Wernicke's area of brain Language comprehension, sensory
brain's ability to have other areas compensate for any
plasticity
damage if the damage happens young enough
electroencephalogram (alpha EEG (brain test). Alpha- eyes closed. Beta- eyes open.
and beta rhythm)
seizure uncontrolled firing of neruons
small movement control Basal nuclei/ganglia with thalamus
thalamus job gets rid of extra sensory info that is not necessary to know
cerebrum job coordinating big subconscious movements (balance, posture)
hypothalamus job controls homeostasis
limbic system emotion, food, and sex
consolidation converting short term to long term memory
working memory fluid, interrelates various forms of memory
brain stem medulla, pons, midbrain. continuous w/ spinal cord
brain stem job controls respiration, circulation, digestion
remembering dreams if woken during REM sleep, will remember
referred pain spine doesn't know where the pain is coming from, so puts it
somewhere
reflex response that occurs automatically w/out conscious effort. simple
and acquired.
afferent to the spinal cord
efferent away from the spinal cord
peripheral nervous system sends info from environment to CNS, links CNS to muscles/glands
, modality stimulant of receptors in PNS
photoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors,
types of receptors in PNS
osmoreceptors, chemoreceptors, nociceptors (pain)
tonic receptor slow with no adaptation
phasic rapid adaptation
receptive field region of skin that a receptor covers, smaller in receptive dense
areas
polymodal nociceptor responds to all types of pain
protective layering of eye eyelid, eyelashes, tears
layers of the eye Fibrous (cornea/sclera), vascular/nourishing (choroid/iris), sensory
(retina)
iris job controls amount of light entering the pupil
iris muscles circular (constrictor) and radial (dilator)
concave diverges light, converse converges light.
refraction
cornea and lense refract light in eye
refractive power 1/focal distance
visible light spectrum 400-700 nm
blue vs. red light blue= short red= long
adjusting lens Ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments, adjust to focus light on
retina
near point nearest point which an eye can focus on an object
presbyopia reduced accomadation ability
Astrocytes glue that holds neurons in place, helps maintain ionic
concentration
Oligodendrocytes Myelin sheath of CNS
Microglia trashcans of brain, eat dead micro and neurons
ependymal lining of ventricles (brain)
